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30 Megawatt Heat Exchanger and Steam Generator for Sodium Cooled Reactor System
Final design for the 30 megawatt intermediate heat exchanger and steam generator.
80" Bubble Chamber Expansion System Preliminary Operating Procedures
These procedures are intended to be used for the initial operation of the expansion system and serve as a basis for a more complete and revised form to be written once operating experience has been gained. An attempt has been made to offer a logical and systematic presentation to facilitate operation and maintenance of the system by the operating personnel. Thus, the sequence of valve actuations has been presented in matrix and check list form to minimize errors; this also has the advantage of making it easier to adapt certain expansion system procedures to programmed control by a process control computer.
80" Bubble Chamber Expansion System Summary of Piston Motion Studies
Prior to assembly into the 80" bubble chamber, the expansion system was subjected to a series of tests to check piston dynamics and gain information on the reliability of the various components. Furthermore, the rest provided operating personnel with the opportunity to become familiar with the operation and maintenance of the expansion system. Two separate tests were performed with the apparatus that was located at the north end of the AGS experimental area; one during the week of Oct. 15 and the other during the week of Nov. 12. The system was run with helium gas supplied from AGS compressor room and the piston was operated at room temperature.
80" Chamber - Low Energy Beams
One of the major, as well as first, decisions which must be taken on a large chamber is to decide on the direction of the magnetic field, i.e., vertical or horizontal. Either alternative has advantages and disadvantages ad it is the intention of this note to discuss these features.
Acceleration of Polarized Protons to Relativistic Energies
Maintenance of polarization of polarized protons in a linear accelerator is known to be feasible. Circular accelerators present a different problem, and the investigation of the interaction of orbit dynamics and particle polarization in general is undertaken. The equation of motion of the spin vector of a charged particle in a magnetic field as formulated by Bargmann, Michel, and Telegdi is utilized in the study of depolarization for several accelerators. High values of depolarization are obtained, and means for avoiding such depolarization are suggested. (D.C.W.)
Acoustic Flowmeter Prototype Evaluation Tests
Summary: "Prototype tests of an acoustic flowmeter system were made in a 24-ftdiam power penstock at Oahe Dam to evaluate the system prior to permanent installation in the outlet works at Summersville Dam. Comparative discharge measurements included acoustic, penstock pressure-momentum (Gibson), turbine model test ratings, scroll-case pressure differential (Winter-Kennedy flowmeter), and surge tank volume changes. The acoustic flowmeter measurements were very consistent and many of the comparisons were within 1%. The location of the measuring section for a single-path acoustic flowmeter must be selected to give a known or measurable relation between the flow pattern of the whole section and that along the acoustic path" (p. xi).
An Adiabatic Motion Of Charged Particles In Electromagnetic Fields
The guiding center motion and the adiabatic invariants of charged particle trajectories in electromagnetic fields are treated in this review. General and specific theories of charged particle motion are also reviewed.
Advanced Test Reactor Burnout Heat Transfer Tests
From abstract: "Results of burnout test to determine the limiting heat flux in a simulated Advanced Test Reactor fuel element channel."
Advanced Test Reactor Turbo Report
From abstract: "The time-dependent behavior of the Advanced Test Reactor was calculated by the Babcock & Wilcox Company on the Philco 2000 computer, using the Turbo depletion program."
AEC Group Shelter
Report regarding the study of an underground group-shelter meant to protect against nuclear blasts, radiation, and fallout. The report presents a design for such a shelter, the minimum requirements that such a shelter should meet, a description of its facilities, illustrations, and an operating manual.
An Aerodynamic Raindrop Sorter. Technical Progress Report No. 1.
A pilot model of an Aerodynamic Raindrop Sorter was constructed along the lines suggested by mathematical analysis. The function of the analyzer is to sort natural rain according to drop size and to collect the sorted drops for further analysis. The pilot model, a small wind tunnel inclined at 45 deg to the horizontal, demonstrated the feasibility of aerodynamic rain drop sorting over a wide range of drop sizes. (auth)
Aeroradioactivity Survey and Areal Geology of the Georgia Nuclear Laboratory Area, Northern Georgia (ARMS-I)
Report regarding an airborne gamma-radioactivity survey that took place over a 7,000 square mile area around the George Nuclear Laboratory in Dawson County, Georgia. Topics include the types of bedrock noted in the area as well as their levels of radioactivity.
An Analysis of Inconsistencies in Removal Cross Sections of Carbon and Oxygen
Abstract. Some recent analysis of certain Lid Tank fast neutron dose rates measured in oil and water indicates that there are some basic inconsistencies with reported oxygen and carbon removal cross sections and the reported data. These inconsistencies may be explained in several ways: (1) The reported carbon removal cross section is wrong. (2) The reported oil composition is wrong. (3) The reported oxygen removal cross section is wrong since it is based on an assumed rather than a measured oil composition. (4) Some of the experimental data are wrong. It is not possible to determine which of the above is most likely on the basis of analysis alone but the possibilities are pointed out and, based on the assumption that all the experimental data are correct, it appears most likely that the oil composition assumed in ORNL 2197 was in error.
Analytical Chemistry Division Annual Progress Report for Period Ending November 15, 1964
Report issued by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory discussing progress and work conducted by the Analytical Chemistry Division. Instrumentation, analytical methods, reactor projects, service analysis, and special research is presented. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
The Angular Dependence of Thermal Neutron Spectra in Lattices
This technical report discusses techniques that have been developed for "computing the angular thermal flux spectrum emerging from a lattice. These methods are applied to water lattices and it is found that the computed spectra are sensitive to the geometrical description of the lattice, but insensitive to the anisotropic scattering by water. Comparisons with measured spectra indicate that corrections for gradients and the finite size of the experimental lattice are important." -- from abstract (p. 3).
Application of Amides as Extractants
Technical report. From Abstract : "Laboratory data are given and discussed that outline the potential application of N, N-distributed amides to the separation of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium from fission products."
Application of Dislocation Theory to Analysis of Vertical Displacements at the Ground Surface Caused by the Duryea Event
This report documents the use of the dislocation theory to analyze measured vertical displacements across a fault near the Duryea underground nuclear explosion.
Applications for Lanthanon Oxides and Other Compounds in the Ceramic Industry
Separation processes for production of pure rare earth oxides in useful quantities are discussed. A review of applications of these oxides in the ceramic industry in production of glasses, glazes, porcelain enamels, refractories, abrasives, electronic ceramics, and nuclear ceramics is also presented. 46 references.
Argonaut Automatic Flux Controller Design Report
Report issued by the Argonne National Laboratory over design studies conducted on Argonaut reactors for training and research purposes. As stated in the abstract, "the design presented in the form of a steady-state analysis based upon the small-signal linearization of the reactor kinetics transfer function. The measured controller performance and construction details of the equipment is given" (p. 7). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
Automatic Mass Spectrometer for Monitoring Uranium Isotope Concentrations
Abstract: An automatic recording mass spectrometer has been designed; two instruments have been constructed and have operated reliably for more than seven years as process monitors.
Autoradiographic Study on the Origin and Fate of Small Lymphoid Cells in the Dog Bone Marrow: Effect of Femoral Artery Clamping During in Vivo Availability of Thymidine-H
Mammalian bone marrow contains a considerable number of small lymphoid cells (small lymphocytes and small lymphocyte-like cells). The total number of these cells (50,000 to 500,000 per mm3) depends on species, age and other factors. The origin, function and fate of these cells remain obscure in many respects. In particular, it has not been shown beyond doubt, if and to what extent small lymphoid cells enter the bone marrow via the blood stream or if their origin is in part or entirely within the bone marrow. In addition it has not been clearly shown whether or not these cells may function as multipotential hemopoietic stem cells. Results obtained from experiments with irradiated parabiotic animals and animals given regional fractioned doses of X-irradiation, and transplantation of leukocytes from peripheral blood into lethally irradiated recipients afford indirect evidence that peripheral blood of mice and rats may contain stem cells capable of DNA synthesis and division.
Average Physical Properties of Tuff in the Vicinity of Ground Zero, U12g.01 Tunnel, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada
This report presents the physical properties of tuff in the vicinity of the U12g.01 tunnel at the Nevada Test Site based off of two previous Technical Letters on the tunnel: Technical Letter: Area 12-1, and Technical Letter 12-1, Supplement 1.
Beam Current Integrator
The object of this report is to acquaint the operator with the operational and technical aspects of the beam current integrator as well as the theory of the system operation. The design and operation of a beam current integrator are described, and the theory of operation is discussed. The instrument has two channels. The console channel is designed to measure the accumulation of charge received by a target during a period of a day no matter what the range used in the experimenter's channel. An analysis indicated that this unit will measure the accumulation of charge by a target to an accuracy of 0.1215% assuming that the constant error due to shorting the integrating capacitor is accounted for. The instrument is ranged to handle from 0.5 to 500 mu a of beam current. (M.C.G.)
Beam Separators for Bev Particles
The problem of separation of beams of particles of different masses but of the same momentum at Bev energies is the subject of a great deal of study at several high energy laboratories. In this note we shall describe the problem and tabulate a few of the cogent parameters. Frequently the student of high energy interactions is faced with a beam of miscellaneous particles coming from an accelerator. By standard techniques this beam can be rendered approximately parallel and an inch or so in diameter. By passage through a magnetic field the beam can be analyzed in momentum. Now it frequently happens that the particles in which the experimenter is particularly interested make up only a small fraction of the beam and the exigencies of the proposed experiment may well demand that the background of undesired particles be drastically reduced. The problem is difficult because the velocities of the various particles are almost equal to each other and to the velocity of lights; this makes time-of-flight techniques relatively ineffective. The energies of the particles are almost equal so electrostatic separation also is difficult. Since the beam is already analyzed in momentum, further separation by magnetic means is impossible.
Biological Effects of Thermal Neutrons and the B10 (n,c) Li7 Reaction
Boron-10 has a high thermal neutron capture cross section (3880 barns). Following neutron capture, the subsequent nuclear disintegration produces an alpha particle and a lithium-7 nucleus with the release of an average of 2.34 MeV for the particle irradiation, and in 93% of the reactions there is also the emission of an 0.48 MeV gamma ray: [equation not transcribed]. The kinetic energy is divided between the lithium-7 nucleus and the alpha particle giving the equal and opposite momentums with a range in tissue of about 8-14μ or approximately 1 cell diameter (1). This fact and the reported favorable partition of boron between tumor and the normal brain suggested a possible therapeutic usefulness which has been investigated clinically. The object of our study is to document the biological effects of the B10 (n,α) Li7 reaction on the brain of dogs injected with boron-10 30 minutes prior to irradiation with thermal neutrons. For this, we felt it desirable to estimate a dose for the boron-10 reaction which if exceeded, produces destruction of normal tissue. This dose could then be a reference dose to be utilized as a maximal limit for the irradiation of normal tissue. We have assured that the largest fluence of thermal neutrons that permits a healing radioepidermitis in pigs injected with 35 mg/kg of boron-10, 30 minutes prior to irradiation would be suitable first approximation.
The Boundary Effect on Gamma-Ray Transport From a Point Source
Report measuring the density interface effect on gamma-ray intensities resulting from a point source. Results suggested a phenomenological representation to describe the behavior.
Bremsstrahlung Absorption Measurements from Sr^90 TiO3
The absorption in lead of Bremsstrahlung X radiation from a Sr^90 TiO3 pellet in the proximity of Hastelloy "C" was measured. The tenth value layer of the more energetic components of the X-ray continuum was determined to be 1.60 inches.
Bubble Chamber Vacuum System
The vacuum system for the bubble chamber must evacuate rapidly a volume of approximately 500 cubic feet and eliminate the outgassing of a surface area of approximately 50,000 square inches. The backstreaming of oil from the diffusion pump must be kept to an absolute minimum to prevent oil films forming on the window. The vacuum system must also provide the protection against liquid nitrogen and hydrogen/leaks to prevent pressure buildup.
The Calculation of Crystal and Counter Settings for the Collection of Crystallographic Data with a Counter-Diffractometer in the Equatorial Plane
Formulas are developed for the angle between any two vectors lying in a plane through the origin of reciprocal space. The application of these formulas for computing the counter and crystal angles for the collection of data with a counter-- diffractometer in the equatorial plane is developed, and a suitable computer program, written in FORTRAN without format suitable for an IBM 1620 computer, is described.
Calculation of Reactivity Changes in HIFAR Due to Fuel and Poison Changes
Empirical methods are given for calculating reactivity changes in HIFAR with changes in fuel loading, poison concentration, and temperature variations. The procedures are derived from the analysis of typical operating programs, reinforced by analogue computer analysis of variation of the important fission product poisons Xenon 135 and Samarium 149.
Chromosomal Aberrations in a Natural Population of Chironomus Tentans Exposed to Chronic Low-Level Environmental Radiation
From introduction: "Cytological examinations of the irradiated and some unirradiated populations in the radioactive sediments of White Oak Creek and the Clinch River were made."
Classification of PuO2 Particles
The Biology Operation, Hanford Laboratories, required plutonium dioxide particles in five different micron and sub-micron size ranges. These were to be supplied as a water suspension in small containers. It was necessary to design equipment, suitable for hood operation, which would give a satisfactory separation of these particles.
Colorimetry
"The definition of color, as a characteristics of light, and the basic principles of its measurement are given. The reduction of spectrophotometric data to three chromaticity coordinates by means of the three-function CIE standard observer system for colorimetry is described. Various methods of direct colorimetry, and visual and photoelectric methods of colorimetry by differences from material standards are treated" (p. 1).
A Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Converters
Report issued by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory discussing advanced converters. Comparisons of advanced converters are presented. This report includes tables, and illustrations
Comparison of Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization Untilizing Electron Accelerators and Isotope Sources as Radiation Initiators
"A comparison of the grafting of a 2:1 molar mixture of methacrylic acid and styrene to both polypropylene film and fabric using CO60 source and electron accelerator as sources of ionizing radiation is made on the basis of mutual or simultaneous grafting and post-irradiation grafting.
Completion Report An Automatic Fuel Element Stamping Machine
This document will be concerned with the design, operation and maintenance of an automatic fuel element stamping machine. In order to take advantage of automatic unloading and length checking at the Acme-Gridley lathes in the 313 Building, automatic stamping of fuel elements is desirable. This, along with the need for a permanent canning line identification, resulted in a request for a machine to automatically stamp HAPO fuel elements on a production basis.
Contraction Losses and High Temperature Pressure Drop Determinations for Tube Bundles
In some engineering applications it has become necessary to operate equipment containing small diameter rods or tubes oriented parallel to flow stream. In the case of several nuclear reactors such as the Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor and the S. S. Savannah Maritime Reactor, bundles of small diameter rods are used as the fuel elements. The situation also has application to heat exchangers. A method for accurately predicting the pressure drop characteristics of various bundle configurations would be helpful in the design and selection of equipment. Some progress has been made toward gaining a greater knowledge of the bundle characteristics under low temperature conditions. This report includes the development of relationship for the effect of temperature on pressure drop.
Convergence of the Quasi-chemical Method for the Ising Square Lattice
The Ising model, a system of atoms arranged on a lattice with simple nearest neighbor interactions, provides a more or less realistic description of many physical systems. The state of each atom is specified by a two-valued variable, which may be identified with: (1) its spin (up or down), if one wishes to describe a magnetic system; (2) its identity (A or B), if one wishes to describe a a mixture of two kinds of atoms; or (3) its presence or absence (atom or hole), if one is dealing with a lattice gas. In all three cases it is assumed that the energy of a configuration of the system, aside from the energy of interaction with external fields, is simply a sum of energies of nearest-neighbor pairs, the energy of a pair being zero if the two atoms are similar, and the sum if they are different. In describing the calculations, we shall use the terminology appropriate to (2), but the results will be general statements about the model.
Cool-Down Refrigeration Requirements for 80" Bubble Chambers
The purpose of this report is to determine the amount of refrigeration capacity required to cool down the 80" bubble chamber from ambient temperature to liquid hydrogen temperature.
Correlation of Kinetic Isotope Effects with Chemical Bonding in Three Center Reactions
We consider the kinetic isotope effect in three center reactions of the type of A+BC→AB+C. Such model calculations are a good approximation to primary hydrogen isotope effects. For abstraction or transfer reactions, B becomes H, D, or T. The dynamics of the three storm system are calculated for a general quadratic potential, with the assumption that the potential energy is constant along the reaction coordinate (flat top barrier). This model system can be calculated in detail and serves to illustrate the relationship between kinetic isotope effect and chemical bonding in the transition state. The statistical mechanical part of the calculation can be carried out exactly within the framework transition state theory or in any one of a number of approximations. The γ bar method gives particularly good insight into the chemistry of the problem with a minimum of arithmetic.
Critical Path Scheduling of ETR and MTR Reactor Shutdowns
Report describing a method for planning shutdown projects and scheduling the manpower to shut down Materials Testing Reactors (MTR) and Engineering Test Reactors (ETR).
The Crystal Structure of Bismuth Subchloride
Technical report. From Abstract : "The stoichiometric formula of the lower chloride in the BiCl3-Bi system has been established as Bi12Cl14 (BiCl1.167) through a dingle crystal, X-ray determination of its structure. ... Previous studies of the Bi-Cl3-Bi system are re-examined in the light of the structural results."
Current Studies of Fission Product Behavior at BNL
Programs are under way at Brookhaven National Laboratory to study the behavior of fission products released from reactor fuel materials. Major emphasis has been placed on fission product iodine because of the physiological hazard associated with the I131 isotope. A complete reactor safety analysis, considering either a slow or rapid release of fission products, requires a knowledge of the chemical and physical states of the fission products during release, the extent of their release, and an understanding of their chemical interactions with the reactor environment.
Curves of Input Impedance Change Due to Ground for Dipole Antennas
Report presenting graphs of the change in input impedance of electrically short dipole antennas in the presence of an isotropic and homogeneous ground which considers four types of antennas: horizontal and vertical, electric and magnetic dipoles. Curves of the change in both the input resistance and reactance are shown for a wide range of values of the frequency, antenna height above the ground, and electromagnetic ground constants.
Decay-Energy Systematics Of The Heavy Elements
Figures 1 and 2 summarize total decay energies for the four radioactive series. The alpha-decay energy obtained by measuring the energy of the alpha particle leading to the ground state includes the energy of the recoil nucleus. The curve shown in figure 3 defines in broad outline the conditions and regions of alpha instability. A great deal more is to be learned from a more detailed examination of the region where alpha radioactivity is prominent. Of great value to the experimentalist is that he is able to predict alpha energies, and the agreement between predicted and measured values often serves as a criterion for isotopic assignment. A number of systems for correlating alpha decay energies have been employed, and that perhaps most widely used is illustrated in figure 4. Here the isotopes of each element on a mass number vs. energy plot are joined, resulting in a family of curves which over a wide region comprise a series of nearly parallel lines.
Decontamination of the Irradiated Rupture Prototype with Peroxide-Carbonate and Apace
Considerable work has been done on decontamination procedures for both corrosion products and fission products. Testing of promising procedures under typical rupture conditions is an important phase of this work. The Irradiated Rupture Prototype (IRP) has been used since August in this evaluation work. This document is one of a series reporting these data.
Deep-Pool Reactor for Water Desalting
The following report presents the results of an engineering design study performed to investigate the potential and feasibility of a deep-pool reactor concept for ultimate use as an economic heat source for a single-purpose desalting plant.
Delayed Failure Hydrogen Embrittlement of Zirconium: Quarterly Report Number 1, September - December 1961
Abstract: "The purpose of this investigation is to determine the extent to which zirconium exhibits delayed failure (static fatigue) as caused by a combination of absorbed hydrogen and applied stress. Both notched and unnotched specimens of unalloyed zirconium and Zircaloy-2 are being initially hydrogenated to 200 ppm by means of a modified Sieverts apparatus, and delayed failure studies are proceeding at room-temperature. Thus far only preliminary data on unnotched, unalloyed zirconium are available; at the 200 ppm hydrogen level, this material appears to be relatively insensitive to delayed failure at room-temperature."
Design and Construction of a Desalination Pilot Plant, a Reverse Osmosis Process
Report containing plans for a desalination pilot plant for the purposes of evaluating the feasibility of reverse osmosis for the desalination of sea and brackish water with the capacity of 1,000 gallons of potable water produced per day.
Design Consideration for 80" Bubble Chamber
The following general description of the theory and operation of a bubble chamber is presented so that firms who are interested in fabricating components for the Brookhaven 80" chamber will have a better understanding of the design parameters associated with it. This understanding, coupled with the fabricator's knowledge of manufacturing techniques, should enable the fabricators to suggest solutions to manufacturing problems consistent with requirements for chamber operation. In an effort to increase knowledge of fundamental nuclear particles and their interactions at high energies, various types of detecting equipment have been developed. One of these detectors recently developed is the bubble chamber. While there are variations as to liquids used, expansion techniques, means of illumination, etc. the basic concepts upon which all bubble chambers operate are similar. Therefore, it will be sufficient in this report to consider only one specific type, that is a chamber using liquid hydrogen
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