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An 8-Foot Axisymmetrical Fixed Nozzle for Subsonic Mach Numbers Up to 0.99 and for a Supersonic Mach Number of 1.2
From Introduction: "This paper, which should be of interest to those concerned with transonic wind tunnels, covers the design and operating characteristics of the nozzle."
Ability of Pilots to Control Simulated Short-Period Yawing Oscillations
Report discussing an investigation into the ability of human pilots to control short-period yawing oscillations using a yaw simulating device. The ability to control the oscillations was determined to be a function of period, control effectiveness, and inherent damping. Pilot control effectiveness was found to improve with practice.
Abstracts Pertaining to Seaplanes
Report discussing about 400 references pertaining to the hydrodynamic design of seaplanes have been compiled, and the information is presented in the form of abstracts classified under six main headings.
Acceleration Characteristics of a Turbojet Engine With Variable-Position Inlet Guide Vanes
Report presenting a study of the acceleration characteristics of a turbojet engine equipped with variable-position inlet guide vanes in the altitude test chamber. Maximum acceleration values for 3 engines of the same model were also obtained during testing and were found to differ as much as 50 percent. Results regarding the effect of fuel step size and inlet guide vane on acceleration, effect of flight condition, reproducibility of engine acceleration, compressor pressure ratio in relation to acceleration, and acceleration with inlet air distortion are provided.
Acceleration Characteristics of R-3350 Engine Equipped with NACA Injection Impeller
From Summary: "Qualitative investigations have shown that use of the NACA injection impeller with the R-3350 engine increases the inertia of the fuel-injection system and, when the standard fuel-metering system is used, this increase in inertia results in poor engine acceleration characteristics. This investigation was therefore undertaken to determine whether satisfactory acceleration characteristics of the engine equipped with the injection impeller could be obtained by simple modifications to the fuel-monitoring system. The engine was operated with two types of carburetor; namely, a hydraulic-metering carburetor incorporating a vacuum-operated accelerating pump and a direct-metering carburetor having a throttle-actuated accelerating pump."
Acceleration Measurements During Landing in Rough Water of a 1/7-Scale Dynamic Model of Grumman XJR2F-1 Amphibian - Langley Tank Model 212: TED No. NACA 2378
From Summary: "Tests of a 1/7 size model of the Grumman XJR2F-1 amphibian were made in Langley tank no.1 to examine the landing behavior in rough water and to measure the normal and angular accelerations experienced by the model during these landings. All landings were made normal to the direction of wave advance, a condition assumed to produce the greatest accelerations. Wave heights of 4.4 and 8.0 inches (2.5 and 4.7 ft, full size) were used in the tests and the wave lengths were varied between 10 and 50 feet (70 and 350 ft, full size)."
Acceleration Measurements During Landings of a 1/5.5-Size Dynamic Model of the Columbia XJL-1 Amphibian in Smooth Water and in Waves: Langley Tank Model 208M, TED No. NACA 2336
A 1/5.5-size powered dynamic model of the Columbia XJL-1 amphibian was landed in Langley tank no. 1 in smooth water and in oncoming waves of heights from 2.1 feet to 6.4 feet (full-size) and lengths from 50 feet to 264 feet (full-size). The motions and the vertical accelerations of the model were continuously recorded. The greatest vertical acceleration measured during the smooth-water landings was 3.1g.
Acceleration of high-pressure-ratio single-spool turbojet engine as determined from component performance characteristics 1: effect of air bleed at compressor outlet
From Summary: "An analytical investigation was made to determine from component performance characteristics the effect of air bleed at the compressor outlet on the acceleration characteristics of a typical high-pressure-ratio single-spool turbojet engine. Consideration of several operating lines on the compressor performance map with two turbine-inlet temperatures showed that for a minimum acceleration time the turbine-inlet temperature should be the maximum allowable, and the operating line on the compressor map should be as close to the surge region as possible throughout the speed range. Operation along such a line would require a continuously varying bleed area."
Acceleration of high-pressure-ratio single-spool turbojet engine as determined from component performance characteristics 2: effect of compressor interstage air bleed
Report presenting an analytical investigation to determine the effect of compressor interstage air bleed with the use of constant-area bleed ports on the acceleration characteristics of a typical high-pressure-ratio single-spool turbojet engine. Constant-area interstage bleed, properly located, gave smaller acceleration times than variable-area compressor exit bleed. Results regarding acceleration with interstage bleed, acceleration using constant-area interstage bleed in combination with compressor outlet bleed, variable-area interstage bleed, and comparison of acceleration modes are provided.
Acceleration of high-pressure-ratio single-spool turbojet engine as determined from component performance characteristics 3: effect of turbine stator adjustment
From Summary: "An analytical investigation was made to determine from component performance the effect of turbine stator adjustment on the acceleration characteristics of a typical high-pressure-ratio single-spool turbojet engine. Turbine stator adjustment was adequate to permit engine operation in the intermediate-speed range, but was less satisfactory than the relatively simple schemes of compressor-interstage and -outlet bleed."
An Acceleration Schedule Control for Accelerating a Turbojet Engine and Its Use With a Speed Control
Memorandum presenting a study of an acceleration-limiting control on a turbojet engine in order to determine its feasibility as an acceleration control. A proportional-plus-integral type of controller was used in the investigation. Results regarding the one-loop control and two-loop control are provided.
An Acceleration Schedule Control for Accelerating a Turbojet Engine and Its Use With a Speed Control
Memorandum presenting an acceleration-limiting control used on a turbojet engine to study the feasibility of its use as an acceleration control. A proportional-plus-integral type of controller was used in this investigation. Results regarding one-loop control and two-loop control are provided.
Accelerations in fighter-airplane crashes
From Introduction: "This report describes some measurements of these quantities obtained by crashing fighter aircraft under circumstances approximating those observed in service."
An active particle diffusion theory of flame quenching for laminar flames
An equation for quenching distance based on the destruction of chain carriers by the surface is derived. The equation expresses the quenching distance in terms of the diffusion coefficients and partial pressures of the chain carriers and gas phase molecules, the efficiency of the surface as a chain breaker, the total pressure of the mixture, and a constant which depends on the geometry of the quenching surface. Quenching distances measured by flashback for propane-air flames are shown to be consistent with the mechanism. The derived equation is used with the lean inflammability limit and a rate constant calculated from burning velocity data to estimate quenching distances for propane-air (hydrocarbon lean) flames satisfactorily.
Adaptation of a Cascade Impactor to Flight Measurement of Droplet Size in Clouds
"A cascade impactor, an instrument for obtaining the size distribution of droplets borne in a low-velocity air stream, was adapted for flight cloud droplet-size studies. The air containing the droplets was slowed down from flight speed by a diffuser to the inlet-air velocity of the impactor" (p. 1).
Adaptation of Combustion Principles to Aircraft Propulsion, Volume 1, Basic Considerations in the Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels with Air
The report summarizes source material on combustion for flight-propulsion engineers. First, several chapters review fundamental processes such as fuel-air mixture preparation, gas flow and mixing, flammability and ignition, flame propagation in both homogenous and heterogenous media, flame stabilization, combustion oscillations, and smoke and carbon formation. The practical significance and the relation of these processes to theory are presented. A second series of chapters describes the observed performance and design problems of engine combustors of the principal types. An attempt is made to interpret performance in terms of the fundamental processes and theories previously reviewed. Third, the design of high-speed combustion systems is discussed. Combustor design principles that can be established from basic considerations and from experience with actual combustors are described. Finally, future requirements for aircraft engine combustion systems are examined.
Adaptation of Combustion Principles to Aircraft Propulsion Volume 2: Combustion in Air-Breathing Jet Engines
This volume continues the NACA study of combustion principles for aircraft propulsion. The various aspects of combustion pertinent to jet engines are organized and interpreted with quite extensive information, particularly for basic or fundamental. subject matter. The report concerns only air-breathing engines and hydrocarbon fuels, and not rocket engines and high-energy fuels.
Additional Abstracts Pertaining to Seaplanes
"About 500 additional references pertaining to hydrodynamic design of seaplanes have been compiled, and the information is presented in the form of abstracts classified under six main headings:GENERAL INFORMATION, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRODYNAMICS, AERODYNAMICS, OPERATION, and RESEARCH. The compilation is an extension of NACA RM No. L6I13, entitled "Abstracts Pertaining to Seaplanes," by Jerold M. Bidwell and Douglas A. King. An author index and a subject index are included" (p. 1).
Additional comparisons between computed and measured transonic drag-rise coefficients at zero lift for wing-body-tail configurations
From Introduction: "This report makes further comparisons of the theoretical computing method with available experimental results, showing effects of wing plan-form changes, and the effect of an airfoil-section change on a wing of given plan form."
Additional experimental heat-transfer and durability data on several forced-convection, air-cooled, strut-supported turbine blades of improved design
Report presenting an investigation at the Lewis laboratory to develop air-cooled, strut-supported turbine blades. Six blades were investigated in a full-scale turbojet engine to obtain data on blade durability and blade-cooling effectiveness and strut temperature. Results regarding the heat-transfer investigation and blade-durability investigation are provided.
Additional Experiments With Flat-Top Wing- Body Combinations at High Supersonic Speeds
Memorandum presenting an experimental study of the effects of several variations in configuration geometry on the aerodynamic characteristics of flat-top wing-body combinations. Generally, the configurations consist of one half of a body of revolution mounted beneath a wing of essentially arrow plan form. Results regarding the effect of trailing-edge sweep, effect of the addition of auxiliary bodies, effect of tip-flap deflection, effect of dihedral, effect of leading-edge sweep, effect of fuselage fineness ratio, effect of fuselage profile shape, and static longitudinal stability characteristics are provided.
Additional Fatigue Tests on Effects of Design Details in 355-T6 Sand-Cast Aluminum Alloy
From Introduction: "Reported herein are results of the additional direct-stress fatigue tests on: (1) a plate-type specimen with cored centrally located hole and (2) 0.300-inch-diameter round polished specimens with various degrees of porosity."
Additional free-flight tests of the rolling effectiveness of several wing-spoiler arrangements at high subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds
From Introduction: "The purpose of the present paper is to present results obtained recently relating to the characteristics of a full-span sharp-edge spoiler with an 0.02-chord projection above the wing surface at several chordwise positions and also to the relative effectiveness of the sharp-edge spoiler and a wedge-type spoiler located at the 80-percent-chord line."
Additional measurements of the low-speed static stability of a configuration employing three triangular wing panels and a body of equal length
From Introduction: "The results of an investigation of the low-speed static stability of a simplified model of such an arrangement having one of the airfoils placed vertically on top of the body and the other two as wing panels having negative dihedral are presented in reference 1. In order to provide information for predicting the effects of changes in the basic configuration on the low-speed stability characteristics presented in reference 1, additional measurements have been made."
Additional Results in a Free-Flight Investigation of Control Effectiveness of Full-Span, 0.2-Chord Plain Ailerons at High Subsonic, Transonic, and Supersonic Speeds to Determine Some Effects of Wing Sweepback, Aspect Ratio, Taper, and Section Thickness Ratio
Report discussing an aerodynamic control effectiveness study using free-flight, rocket-propelled test vehicles. Information about the effects of wing sweepback, aspect ratio, taper ratio, and section thickness ratio on the rolling effectiveness of full-span, sealed ailerons is provided.
Additional results of an investigation at transonic speeds to determine the effects of a heated propulsive jet on the drag characteristics of a series of related afterbodies
From Introduction: "Presented in this report are the basic data obtained from investigation. The data are presented with limited analysis in order to expedite their availability to those concerned with jet-exit-afterbody design."
Additional Results on the Static Longitudinal and Lateral Stability Characteristics of a 0.05-Scale Model of the Convair F2Y-1 Airplane at High Subsonic Speeds
"Additional results on the static longitudinal and lateral stability characteristics of a 0.05-scale model of the Convair F2Y-1 water-based fighter airplane were obtained in the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel over a Mach number range of 0.50 to 0.92. The maximum angle-of-attack range (obtained at the lower Mach numbers) was from -2 degrees to 25 degrees. The sideslip-angle range investigated was from -4 degrees to 12 degrees" (p. 1).
Additional Studies of the Stability and Controllability of an Unswept-Wing Vertically Rising Airplane Model in Hovering Flight Including Studies of Various Tethered Landing Techniques
Report discussing the results of an investigation to determine the stability and control characteristics of a flying model of an unswept-wing vertically rising airplane. Information about stabilization, maneuverability, rolling motions, and landings is provided.
The adhesion of molten boron oxide to various materials
This report includes the description and results of an experiment evaluating the amount of adhesion existing between the liquid boron oxide and various materials used in engines.
Adhesive and protective characteristics of ceramic coating A-417 and its effect on engine life of forged Refractaloy-26 (AMS 5760) and cast stellite 21 (AMS 5385) turbine blades
The adhesive and protective characteristics of National Bureau of Standards Coating A-417 were investigated, as well as the effect of the coating on the life of forged Refractaloy 26 and cast Stellite 21 turbine blades. Coated and uncoated blades were run in a full-scale J33-9 engine and were subjected to simulated service operations consisting of consecutive 20-minute cycles (15 min at rated speed and approximately 5 min at idle). The ceramic coating adhered well to Refractaloy 26 and Stellite 21 turbine blades operated at 1500 degrees F. The coating also prevented corrosion of the Refractaloy 26, a corrosion-sensitive nickel-base alloy, and of the Stellite 21, a relatively corrosion-resistant cobalt-base alloy. Although the coating prevented corrosion of both alloys, it had no apparent effect on blade life.
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of a deck-inlet multijet water-based-aircraft configuration designed for supersonic flight
From Introduction: "In the present investigation, lift, drag, and pitching moment were determined over a Mach number range 0.6 to 1.42. Smooth-water takeoff and landing stability and resistance were investigated. A brief check of the rough-water spray and behavior was also made."
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of a proposed supersonic multijet water-based hydro-ski aircraft with a variable-incidence wing
From Introduction: "The configuration described in this paper represents one approach to such an airplane and the results of the wind-tunnel and tank evaluations are presented. In the present investigation, the aerodynamic longitudinal characteristics over a Mach number range from 0.6 to 1.97 were obtained."
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of models of some aircraft-towed mine-sweeping devices : TED No. NACA AR 8201
This report details a study that was conducted by the U.S. Naval Air Development Center to "determine the feasibility of several airborne magnetic mine-sweeping methods. The advantages of a satisfactory airborne method are greater safety and speed than are possible with existing surface methods." The configurations and results of the double Q-sweep, the modified double-catenary sweep, and the M-sweep are examined.
Aerodynamic and inlet-flow-field characteristics at a free-stream Mach number of 3.0 for airplanes with circular fuselage cross sections and for two engine locations
Report presenting an experimental investigation of several airplane configurations at Mach 3.0 in a continuous flow tunnel. The configurations had circular fuselage cross sections and a sweptback wing and either two nacelles or two side inlets.
Aerodynamic and Lateral-Control Characteristics of a 1/28-Scale Model of the Bell X-1 Airplane Wing-Fuselage Combination: Transonic-Bump Method
Report discussing an investigation into the lateral-control characteristics and the pitching-moment characteristics of a scale model of the X-1 wing-fuselage configuration. Information about the estimated variation of rolling effectiveness and wing-fuselage pitching-moment coefficient is described in detail.
Aerodynamic characteristics and pressure distributions of a 6-percent-thick 49 degree sweptback wing with blowing over half-span and full-span flaps
From Introduction: "The investigation reported herein was initiated to define further the effects on the aerodynamic characteristics and load distribution of a thin, sweptback wing of a low-pressure blowing system and also to provide information on which to base a more thorough study of a complete airplane configuration."
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 1.25 of a 6-Percent-Thick Triangular Wing and 6- and 9-Percent-Thick Triangular Wings in Combination With a Fuselage: Wing Aspect Ratio 2.31, Biconvex Airfoil Sections
Report discussing testing to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of two semispan delta-wing configurations. Information about the lift characteristics, drag characteristics, pitching-moment characteristics, and comparison with other results is provided.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 1.38 of Four Wings of Aspect Ratio 4 Having Quarter-Chord Sweep Angles of 0 Degrees, 35 Degrees, 45 Degrees, and 60 Degrees
Report discussing testing to determine the supersonic aerodynamic characteristics of four sweptback wings and wing-body configurations at several angles. Information about basic wing data, modifications to the 60 degree wing, the effects of sweep, and effects of fuselage are included.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 6.8 of Two Hypersonic Missile Configurations, One With Low-Aspect-Ratio Cruciform Fins and Trailing-Edge Flaps and One With a Flared Afterbody and All-Movable Controls
Report presenting an investigation to determine the aerodynamic characteristics in pitch at a Mach number of 6.8 of hypersonic missile configurations with cruciform trailing-edge flaps and all-movable control surfaces. Testing indicated that all-movable controls on the flared-afterbody model should be capable of producing much larger values of trim lift and of normal acceleration than the trailing-edge-flap configuration. Some of the configurations tested include body alone, body with 5 degree fins and trailing-edge flaps, and body with 10 degree flare and all-movable controls.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 6.8 of Two Hypersonic Missile Configurations, One With Low-Aspect-Ratio Cruciform Fins and Trailing-Edge Flaps and One With a Flared Afterbody and All-Movable Controls
Report discussing an investigation to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic missile configurations with cruciform trailing-edge flaps with all-movable control surfaces. The all-movable controls were found to produce much larger values of trim lift and normal acceleration than the trailing-edge-flap configuration.
Aerodynamic characteristics at high and low subsonic Mach numbers of four NACA 6-series airfoil sections at angles of attack from -2 to 31 degrees
From Introduction: "The airfoil sections tested, which differ only in thickness ratio, were the NACA 64-006, 64-008, 64-010, and 641-012. Lift, drag, and pitching-moment data were obtained for Mach numbers of 0.3 to that for tunnel choke at angles of attack of -2^o to 31^o. The results of this investigation are reported herein."
Aerodynamic Characteristics at High and Low Subsonic Mach Numbers of the NACA 0012, 64₂-015, and 64₃-018 Airfoil Sections at Angles of Attack from -2 Degrees to 30 Degrees
An investigation has been made in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel of the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 0012, 64(sub 2)-015, and 64(sub 3)-018 airfoil sections. Data were obtained at Mach numbers from 0.3 to that for tunnel choke, at angles of attack from -2deg to 30deg, and with the surface. of each airfoil smooth-and with roughness applied at the leading edge.The Reynolds numbers of the tests ranged from 0.8 x 10(exp 6) to 4.4 x 10(exp 6). The results are presented as variations of lift, drag, and quarter-chord pitching-moment coefficients with Mach number.
Aerodynamic characteristics at high speeds of a two-blade NACA 10-(3)(062)-045 propeller and of a two-blade NACA 10-(3)(08)-045 propeller
From Introduction: "The aerodynamic characteristics of a series of 10-foot-diameter propellers are being investigated in the Langley 16-foot high-speed tunnel in a comprehensive propeller research program. Using high-critical-speed NACA 16-series airfoil sections (reference 1), these propellers are designed to have Betz minimum induced-energy loss loading (reference 2) for a blade angle of 45^o at the 0.7 radius, when used as a four-blade propeller operating at an advance ratio of approximately 2.1 The ultimate purpose of the program is to determine the influence upon propeller design factors and of compressiblity; the propeller tests reported herein form part of the investigation of the effects of blade-section thickness ratio."
Aerodynamic characteristics at high speeds of full-scale propellers having Clark Y blade sections
From Introduction: "The single purpose of this paper is to make available the data obtained from tests of these two Clark Y section propellers as quickly as possible with no attempt being made to analyze the results or to compare them with other high-speed-propeller test results."
Aerodynamic Characteristics at High Speeds of Full-Scale Propellers Having Different Shank Designs
"Tests of two 10-foot-diameter two-blade propellers which differed only in shank design have been made in the Langley 16-foot high-speed tunnel. The propellers are designated by their blade design numbers, NACA 10-(5)(08)-03, which had aerodynamically efficient airfoil shank sections, and NACA 10-(5)(08)-03R which had thick cylindrical shank sections typical of conventional blades. The propellers mere tested on a 2000-horsepower dynamometer through a range of blade-angles from 20 degrees to 55 degrees at various rotational speeds and at airspeeds up to 496 miles per hour" (p. 1).
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number 4.04 of a rectangular wing of aspect ratio 1.33 having a 6-percent-thick circular-arc profile and a 30-percent-chord full-span trailing-edge flap
From Introduction: "The present report gives results at a Mach number of 4.04 of the part of the program concerned with flap controls at Mach numbers from 1.62 to 6.9."
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number of 2.01 of two cruciform missile configurations having 70 degree delta wings with length-diameter ratios of 14.8 and 17.7 with several canard controls
From Introduction: "The present paper contains the results of the investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number of 2.01 of the two cruciform wing missiles equipped with larger canard controls and compares the result with that obtained previously with a smaller control."
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number of 4.06 of a typical supersonic airplane model using body and vertical-tail wedges to improve directional stability
Report presenting an investigation at Mach number 4.06 on a typical supersonic airplane model with a 40 degree sweptback wing. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effectiveness of using wedges on the body and on the vertical tail to increase the static directional stability. Results regarding the longitudinal characteristics and lateral characteristics are provided.
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach numbers 2.36 and 2.87 of an airplane configuration having a cambered arrow wing with a 75 degree swept leading edge
From Introduction: "The results obtained in the wind-tunnel tests at Mach numbers 2.36 and 2.87 for several configurations utilizing this wing, including results on the wing alone are presented."
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach numbers from 0.7 to 1.75 of a four-engine swept-wing airplane configuration as obtained from a rocket-propelled model test
Report presenting flight testing of a rocket-propelled model of a typical multiengine airplane configuration to obtain data on drag, stability, and nacelle performance. Data were obtained at a variety of Mach numbers, lift coefficients, and subsonic and supersonic speeds. Results regarding airplane performance, nacelle performance, longitudinal characteristics, and lateral characteristics are provided.
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