A Cost-Effective Wireless Sensor Network System for Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Applications Page: 166
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Sherin Abraham and Xinrong Li /Procedia Computer Science 34 (2014) 165 -171
Base Station Database and
(Coordinator) Web Server
ZZigBee
Sensor Node Sensor Node
(Router) (Router)
Computer
(Web Clients)
Sensor Node Sensor Node Sensor Node Sensor Node
(End Device) (End Device) (End Device) (End Device)
Fig. 1. Overall system architecture of wireless sensor network system for indoor air quality monitoring.
many indoor air problems. A recent study shows that realizing the current level of indoor air quality motivates people
to alter their behavior and perform activities to improve air quality3. Third, most people think indoor air quality
is better than outdoors, while studies indicate that indoor levels of pollutants may be two to five times higher than
outdoors"1'3. Excessive use of air freshener and chemical household cleaning products may instead degrade indoor
air quality. Therefore, there is an imminent need for a widely-accessible IAQ monitoring system that can provide
intuitive sense of air quality conditions in indoor environments.
Regular indoor air monitoring is typically confined to smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) detectors with binary
detection results to trigger an alarm. Some advanced HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems use
carbon dioxide (C02) sensors to control ventilation. However, neither binary CO detectors nor C02 sensors are
adequate measures of indoor air quality as a plethora of indoor air pollutants affect public health. On the other hand,
the expensive professional-grade commercial air quality measurement systems are normally used by professionals for
walk-through or spot test only when a problem has been reported. The divided spaces of large buildings exhibit vastly
different microclimate conditions, which necessitate simultaneous distributed monitoring with many sensor nodes to
accurately characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics and correlation properties of the air quality conditions throughout
the building. The commercial air quality measurement systems are not designed for such purposes. Therefore, a cost-
effective, widely-accessible, distributed IAQ system is needed for real-time monitoring in large buildings.
In this paper, we present a low-cost wireless IAQ sensor network system developed using Arduino, XBee modules,
and micro gas sensors. The system that we have developed is capable of collecting six air quality parameters from
different locations simultaneously. We have also developed a linear least square-based method for sensor calibration
and measurement data conversion. The performance and usefulness of the system are demonstrated by comparing
measurement results of our system and a professional-grade air quality measurement device.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the overall system architecture is described. Then, in
Section 3, the design of sensor node is presented in details. A least-square estimation-based calibration method is
presented in Section 4. Some sample experimental measurement results are presented in Section 5 to demonstrate the
usefulness of the design. Finally, the paper is concluded with a summary in Section 6.
2. Wireless Sensor Network System Design
The overall system architecture of wireless sensor network system that we employ in this development is shown in
Fig. 1, which is similar to the one we developed earlier4. The main components of the system include sensor node,
base station, and the database and web server as shown in the figure. The base station receives measurement data from
distributed sensor nodes periodically, then the data is forwarded to a database server for storage and management.
A web server can be implemented to provide convenient web interface for users to access the data and to manage
the sensor network system remotely4. In this paper, we focus only on the development of sensor node while the
development details of base station, database and web server, and web interface are left for another publication.166
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Abraham, Sherin & Li, Xinrong. A Cost-Effective Wireless Sensor Network System for Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Applications, paper, August 15, 2014; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc944336/m1/2/: accessed April 25, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT College of Engineering.