Diagnostics of the Fermilab Tevatron using an AC dipole Page: 23 of 235
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antiproton beams are accelerated to 150 GeV and injected into the Tevatron
separately. In the Tevatron, the both beams are accelerated simultaneously
and, once the energy reaches the maximum 980 GeV, the collisions are initi-
ated. The two beams continue circulating and colliding usually about one day
until the next batch of antiprotons are prepared. This cycle of about one day
is called one store. In the Tevatron, the proton and antiproton beams circu-
late in a single beam vacuum pipe without colliding each other except at two
designated collision points, inside the physics detectors. This is achieved by
separating the orbits of the two beams with electric fields produced by pairs
of high voltage plates (electric separators). Such orbits of the two beams are
referred to as helical orbits or simply helices.
Table 1.2 lists the main parameters of the Tevatron which determine its
luminosity. As seen in Figure 1.4, the parameters such as the beam intensities
and the beam emittances, determining quality of the beams, vary over stores.
In addition, in a large collider like the Tevatron, the lattice of the quadrupole
magnets also changes in a long period of time, changing the parameters like
the amplitude function * and affecting the luminosity. Hence, to maximize
its performance, it is ideal to constantly diagnose the lattice of the quadrupole
magnets in the collider.
Table 1.3 lists types of additional magnets in the Tevatron, referred to
as correctors [3, 13]. These magnets are used to make small corrections when
errors are found in a diagnosis. The dipole and normal quadrupole correctors
are used for to compensate errors in bending dipole magnets and focusing
quadrupole magnets. In the Tevatron, motions in the two transverse planes are
uncoupled by design since coupling may affect the luminosity and the beam's
stability. When the coupling occurs, for instance due to a rolled quadrupole
magnet, the skew quadrupole correctors are used to fix it. To compensate11
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Miyamoto, Ryoichi. Diagnostics of the Fermilab Tevatron using an AC dipole, thesis or dissertation, August 1, 2008; Batavia, Illinois. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc898385/m1/23/: accessed April 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.