Vacuum Arc Ion Sources: Recent Developments and Applications Page: 4 of 54
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National Laboratory (LBNL) was initiated in 1982 for the production of high current uranium ion
beams for injection into the LBNL heavy ion synchrotron (the Bevalac) for fundamental heavy
ion nuclear physics research, and later for ion implantation application. The LBNL sources, called
"Mevva" (metal vapor vacuum arc) ion sources, were developed in a number of different
directions, including embodiments with multiple-cathode assemblies, very large extractors,
miniature sources, and a test dc version. This work has been described in detail [9],[10]. At
virtually the same time, development of vacuum arc ion sources was initiated at the High Current
Electronics Institute (HCEI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk. These sources (called
"Diana" [11] and "Titan" [12]) played a significant role in the rapid growth of activity in the field
throughout the FSU. A series of vacuum arc ion sources called "Raduga" was developed at the
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Tomsk Polytechnic University [13],[14], and the "Tamek" sources
were developed at the Tomsk Institute of Automatic Control Systems and then at the Applied
Physics Institute, Sumy, Ukraine [15]. Programs were subsequently established in other world
universities, institutes and laboratories. An historical review of the early development of vacuum
arc ion sources has been given elsewhere [16].
Vacuum arc ion source development has led to improved performance in a number of
important beam characteristics in recent years, and applications have grown. One critical beam
parameter, for example, is the ion charge state spectrum; for many purposes there is a need for
higher charge states than normally formed in the vacuum arc plasma. Following this need, several
different approaches to increasing the vacuum arc ion charge states have been developed. Beam
noise and pulse-to-pulse reproducibility are very important for particle accelerator application,
and these characteristics have been improved vastly in work carried out at the Gesellschaft fur
Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany; the vacuum arc ion source is now routinely
used for high current metal ion injection into the heavy ion accelerators there. Reliable and long-
lifetime arc triggering is another important source feature, and good progress has been made in
this direction also.
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Brown, Ian & Oks, Efim. Vacuum Arc Ion Sources: Recent Developments and Applications, article, May 1, 2005; Berkeley, California. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc879236/m1/4/: accessed April 25, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.