Biorefinery and Carbon Cycling Research Project Page: 8 of 93
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G088144 - FTR, Page 8
Table A.2. Torrefaction experimental plan with temperatures and hold times
Run Temperature ( C) Hold Time (min)
1 250 30
2 275 30
3 300 30
4 250 60
5 275 60
6 300 60
7 (Control) 120 300
Feedstock and Torrefied Material Chemical Analysis
All analytical techniques used were either ASTM standards or widely recognized
methods from the literature. Random sampling of byproducts was then ground in a
Tecator cyclone mill for further analysis. Elemental carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur,
and oxygen (ultimate analysis) were accomplished using a LECO brand (Model CHNS-
932) with optional pyrolysis furnace (Model VTF-900) following protocols outlined in
ASTM D5291 and D3176. Analysis of moisture, volatiles, and ash were analyzed
thermogravimetrically using a LECO brand TGA (Model TGA701) following ASTM
D5142 and El131. Metals analysis was conducted with an Elmer (Model - Elan 6000)
inductively coupled plasma (argon) spectrometer (ICP) equipped with a mass
spectrometer (MS) detector system. Samples were first digested as described by EPA
Method 3051.
Gasification experiment
Material was gasified in a 10 kg hr-i 45kW fixed bed down draft wood gasifier
shown in Figure A.2. The system is a two-stage gasifier fitted with a cyclone and exhaust
flare. The hopper can hold approximately 0.4 m3 (~70kg dry wood) allowing over 6 hours
of operation time. Thermocouples were positioned along the reaction zones, below the
grate, along the gas line, and at the flare. Pressure transducers recorded the pressure drop
across the material bed to monitor any backpressure build up. Syngas flow was measured
with a Dwyer DS-300 averaging pitot static tube.
Gasification was initiated by igniting a starter material (i.e. Char) with a propane
torch. An air compressor provided air flow of 7.0 and 8.4 Nm3 hr-i in stages 1 and 2
respectively. Vibration of hopper and grate occurred for 6 seconds approximately every 4
minutes to break apart any material bridging. At two hour intervals of operation, inlet gas
was shut off to allow collection of char accumulation below the grate and clean out of
exhaust lines. Gasifier performance was evaluated using the following parameter:
1. The air to fuel ratio is also known as the Equivalence Ratio (ER) was calculated
on the entirety of the run by summing up the total air input and total feed
consumed.
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Das, K. C., Adams; Thomas, T; Eiteman, Mark A; Kastner, James R; Mani, Sudhagar & Adolphson, Ryan. Biorefinery and Carbon Cycling Research Project, report, June 8, 2012; United States. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc842444/m1/8/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.