Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (Fact Sheet) Page: 2 of 2
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Results show that cycling costs in the high-renewable scenario have a
ceiling of $0.55/MWh to $1.90/MWh of renewables produced, which is a
reduction in the value of the renewables of up to 2.4%.
2.00
1.80
1.60 -
1.40
8 1.20
M , 0.80U Lower Bound
_ 0.60 E Upper Bound
"0.40
0.20
0.00
110R 120R 12020R 130R
Scenario
Figure 2. Results show that cycling costs have a ceiling up to $1.90/MWh of
renewables produced, or a reduction in the value of the renewables of up to 2.4%.
Emissions Data
NREL used the Environmental Protection Agency's Continuous Emissions
Monitoring system data set to analyze hourly emissions from nearly every
fossil-fired plant in the United States. NREL determined incremental
emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide caused by
start-ups, ramping, and partial loading.
Emissions Re-Analysis
NREL applied these detailed start-up, ramping, and partial-loading
emissions of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide to the dispatch results of
WWSIS1. In this re-analysis, generic emission rates-not plant-specific
rates-were used for simplicity. The impact of higher-fidelity analysis
accounting for start-up, ramping, and partial-loading emissions was rela-
tively small. Avoided carbon dioxide emissions were 1.7% less, considering
the detailed impacts, with the largest impact coming from the partial
loading. Avoided nitrogen oxide emissions, on the other hand, were 3.3%
better because of the lower nitrogen oxide rates at partial loading.
Start-ups, partial loading, and ramping have relatively small impact com-
pared with which generation source is being displaced. For example, in
WWSIS1, high and low gas prices were compared. High gas prices cause
renewables to displace gas, and low gas prices cause renewables to
displace coal. The difference in emissions is very large. It can be a factor of
two or more.
Conclusions
NREL found that the wear-and-tear impacts are up to 2.4% of the value of
wind/solar and that the emissions impacts can be either positive or nega-
tive and are on the order of a few percent. Next steps include using these
new data inputs in security-constrained unit commitment and economic
dispatch modeling for the Western Interconnection for four scenarios.Assuming flat emission curves
0.422 0.499
+ Considering part-load emission rates +0.031 (+7.3%) -0.006 (-1.3%)
+ Considering start-up emissions
+ Considering ramping emmissions
Total-0.006 (-1.3%) -0.001 (-0.3%)
-0.011 (-2.7%) -0.001 (-0.2%)
0.436 (3.3%) 0.490 (-1.7%)Figure 3. Avoided emissions per megawatt-hour of renewable production.
Associated Publications
GE Energy. (2010). Western Wind and Solar Integration Study. NREL/SR-550-
47434. Work performed by GE Energy, Schenectady, NY. Golden, CO:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
www.nrel.gov/docs/fylOosti/47434.pdf.
D. Lew, G. Brinkman, E. Ibanez, B.-M. Hodge, and J. King. (2012). "West-
ern Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2." Preprint. International
Workshop on Integration of Wind Power Into Power Systems as Well as
on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants Conference
Proceedings, November 13-15, 2012. Golden, CO: National Renewable
Energy Laboratory; 9 pp. Accessed September 2012: www.nrel.gov/docs/
fyi2osti/56217.pdf.
D. Lew, et al. (2012). "Impacts of Wind and Solar on Fossil-Fueled
Generators," Preprint. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting
Proceedings, July 22-26, 2012. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy
Laboratory; 10 pp. Accessed September 2012: www.nrel.gov/docs/fyl2o-
sti/53504.pdf.
D. Lew, et al. (2012). "Sub-Hourly Impacts of High Solar Penetrations in the
Western United States." Preprint. International Workshop on Integration
of Solar Power Into Power Systems Conference Proceedings, November
12-13, 2012. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 11 pp.
Accessed September 2012: www.nrel.gov/docs/fyl2osti/56171.pdf.
More Information
Debra Lew, 303-384-7037, debra.lew@nrel.govSee our website at
www.nrel.gov/electricity/transmission/.Photos (from top): Photo by PatCorkery, NREL/PIX 17721; photo bySunEdison, NREL/PIX 17423;
photo by Pat Corkery, NREL/PIX 16142; photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL/PIX 19176Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at Least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.
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Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (Fact Sheet), report, September 1, 2012; Golden, Colorado. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc836398/m1/2/: accessed April 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.