Recovery Act: Low Cost Integrated Substrate for OLED Lighting Development Page: 17 of 35
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DE-EE0003209
Recovery Act: Low Cost Integrated Substrate for OLED Lighting Development
PPG Industries, Inc.
Figure 14 (a) shows a cross-section SEM image of one such embedded oxide particle sample. A wide
distribution of oxide particles (few hundred nanometers in diameter) were noticed in the samples. The
typical impingement depth was 1-2of microns. Figure 14 (b) is a surface image of the same sample. For
the development of this IEL, different materials were tested and one was downselected based on the ease
of deposition and the ability to achieve a wide combination of haze/scattering and transmission levels.
Haze levels of up to 100% were demonstrated for high transmission levels. Figure 15 shows the variation
of haze with wavelength for one particular sample.
100
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2 50
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380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730 780
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 15: Haze dependence on the light wavelength for an embedded oxide particle IEL substrate.
The initial samples produced by using a lab setup had high levels of surface roughness and waviness of
the glass surface. AFM measurements yielded the RMS roughness of the samples in the range of 100-
200nm.
Additional work was done to understand the defects in the nanoparticle samples using energy-dispersive
X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Figure 16 shows SEM images of the surface of one IEL sample containing
some defects. Two sources of contamination were determined through SEM imaging & elemental
mapping: nanoparticle agglomerates and alumina fibers. Nanoparticle agglomerates were a result of the
process itself, with the furnace insulation being a source of alumina fibers. The nanoparticle agglomerates
are a few microns in diameter whereas the alumina fibers are around a few hundred microns in length.Page 17 of 35
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Benton, Scott & Bhandari, Abhinav. Recovery Act: Low Cost Integrated Substrate for OLED Lighting Development, report, September 30, 2012; United States. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc831063/m1/17/?rotate=270: accessed April 23, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.