Agricultural Biotechnology: Background, Regulation, and Policy Issues Page: 4 of 44
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Agricultural Biotechnology: Background, Regulation, and Policy Issues
Contents
A doption of Biotechnology in A griculture ................................................................................. 1
Current Applications.................................................................................................................. 2
Crops ................................................................................................................................... 2
Animal Products.................................................................................................................. 5
U . S. Food Products Containing GE Crops ............................................................................. 7
Future GE A pplications ........................................................................................................ 7
"Input" Traits....................................................................................................................... 7
"Output" Traits.................................................................................................................... 8
Regulation and O versight .......................................................................................................... 8
Coordinated Fram ew ork for Regulation of Biotechnology .................................................... 8
A nim al and Plant H ealth Inspection Service.................................................................. 9
Food and D rug A dm inistration (FD A )........................................................................... 10
Environm ental Protection A gency (EPA ).......................................................................... 11
White House Initiative on Biotechnology Regulation ...................................................... 11
A ssessm ents of Current Policy ............................................................................................. 12
U SD A A dvisory Com m ittee Report............................................................................... 14
View s on FD A Guidance............................................................................................... 14
APHIS Oversight............................................................................................................... 15
OIG Criticisms .................................................................................................................. 15
A PH IS Regulatory Changes........................................................................................... 16
Environm ental A ssessm ents of GE Plants and A nim als ............................................................. 18
GE Alfalfa................................................................................................................................ 19
GE Sugar Beets........................................................................................................................ 20
GE Ethanol Corn..................................................................................................................... 21
GE Eucalyptus......................................................................................................................... 21
GE Apples................................................................................................................................ 22
GE Salmon............................................................................................................................... 22
Biotechnology and G lobal Trade Concerns............................................................................... 23
GE Rice ................................................................................................................................... 24
GE Wheat ................................................................................................................................ 25
U. S. -EU Regulatory Conflicts................................................................................................. 27
The Biosafety Protocol............................................................................................................ 28
Food Safety and GE Labeling.................................................................................................... 29
The Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act of 2015 (H.R. 1599) ........................................ 30
GE Plants in Less-D eveloped Countries (LD Cs)...................................................................... 32
Other Issues ................................................................................................................................... 34
Low -Level Presence of GE M aterial.................................................................................... 34
Environm ental Concerns ..................................................................................................... 35
Plant-Based Pharmaceuticals from Biotechnology ................................................................. 36
Future Policy Concerns ........................................................................................................ 38
Figures
Figure 1. Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States, 1997-2013 ............... 4
Congressional Research Service
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Cowan, Tadlock. Agricultural Biotechnology: Background, Regulation, and Policy Issues, report, July 28, 2015; Washington D.C.. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc809398/m1/4/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.