Comparative Toxicity of Combined Particle and Semi-Volatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Emissions Page: 2 of 5
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Introduction
Little is known about the relative health hazards
presented by emissions from in-use gasoline
and diesel engines. Adverse health effects have
been ascribed to engine emissions on the basis
of: 1) the presence of known toxic agents in
emissions; 2) high-dose animal and bacterial
mutagenicity tests; and 3) studies indicating
gradients of health effects with proximity to
roadways. Most attention has been given to the
particulate fraction of emissions; little attention
has been given to the semi-volatile organic
fraction. However, the semi-volatile fraction
overlaps the particulate fraction in composition
and is always present in the vicinity of fresh
emissions. Although the potential health effects
of diesel emissions have been frequently
studied and debated during the past 20 years
(EPA, 2002), relatively little attention has been
given to the toxicity of emissions from gasoline
engines. In view of the considerable progress in
cleaning up diesel emissions, it would be useful
to compare the toxicity of emissions from
contemporary on-road diesel technology with
that of emissions from the in-use gasoline fleet
that is well-accepted by the public. It would also
be useful to have a set of validated tests for
rapid, cost-effective comparisons of the toxicity
of emission samples, both for comparisons
among competing technologies (e.g., diesel,
gasoline, natural gas) and for determining the
impacts of new fuel, engine, and after-treatment
strategies on toxicity.
The Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies has
sponsored research aimed at developing and
applying rapid-response toxicity tests for
collected emission samples (Seagrave et al.,
2000). This report presents selected results
from that work, which is being published in
much greater detail in the peer-reviewed
literature (Seagrave et al., 2002).
Methods
Particle ("PM", mass collected by filter) and
semi-volatile organic compound ("SVOC", masscollected by polyurethane foam-XAD resin trap)
fractions of emissions from normal-emitting and
high-emitting in-use light- and medium-duty
vehicles operated on chassis dynamometers on
the Unified Driving Cycle were collected by
Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio,
TX). The vehicle groups included three current
technology diesels ("D"; 1998 Mercedes-Benz
E300, 1999 Dodge Ram 2500, 2000
Volkswagen Beetle), one high-emitter diesel
("HD"; 1991 Dodge Ram 2500), five average
gasoline ("G"; 1982 Nissan Maxima, 1993
Mercury Sable, 1994 GMC 1500, 1995 Ford
Explorer, 1996 Mazda Millenia), one white
smoker gasoline ("WG"; 1990 Mitsubishi
Montero), and one black smoker gasoline
("BG"; 1976 Ford F-150). The current
technology diesel and average gasoline groups
were sampled while operating at both 72 F ("D",
"G") and 30 F ("D30", "G30"). Samples from the
multiple vehicles in each group were pooled for
testing.
The PM and SVOC materials were extracted
from collection media by Desert Research
Institute (Reno, NV) and analyzed chemically. A
portion of each sample was concentrated into a
small volume of acetone and sent to the
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute
(Albuquerque, NM) for toxicity testing. The PM
and SVOC fractions of each sample were
re-combined at Lovelace in their original
collection ratios and tested as a combined
PM/SVOC sample.
This report discusses the comparative toxicity
of the seven PM/S VOC samples in two
biological test systems, rat lungs dosed by
intratracheal instillation, and strain TAl 00
Salmonella bacterial (Ames) mutagenicity. Each
sample was tested at three doses by
intratracheal instillation of a saline suspension
of the material into young adult male F344 rats,
five at each dose. The rats were killed 24 hours
later, and responses were evaluated by
histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage
(lung washing). Recovered lavage fluid was2
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Mauderly, Joe; Seagrave, JeanClare; McDonald, Jacob; Gigliotti,Andrew; Nikula, Kristen; Seilkop, Steven et al. Comparative Toxicity of Combined Particle and Semi-Volatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Emissions, article, August 25, 2002; United States. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc778691/m1/2/: accessed April 23, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.