A pilot study of the behavior of gas- and particle-phase ETS tracers in residences Page: 4 of 6
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represents particle sizes typical of ETS. Measured house volume and weekly average air
exchange rate values were used for V and a, respectively. The results for indoor PM 3.5 and
ETS tracers have been adjusted by subtracting the contribution of outdoor air, PaCo/(a+k).
With the assistance of the study participants we identified rooms in each home in which
smoking did or did not occur and designated them as the SR and NSR, respectively. In House
1, a single story, single family residence, the SR was the kitchen. House 2 was a second-story
flat of a large 2-floor wooden structure, and the SR was the living room. House 3 was also
the second story of a small two-story wooden structure and the SR was the smoker's
bedroom.
RESULTS
Figure 1 shows the measured weekly SR and NSR PM3.5 concentrations (adjusted for
infiltrating outdoor PM 3.5) for the three study households. The clear downward trends in
adjusted indoor PM 3.5 during the course of the smoking intervention reflect the success of
the participants in reducing their smoking rate.
60 Figures 2 and 3 present the nicotine and
SMOKING ROOM ambient-adjusted PM 3.5, UVPM, and FPM
indoor concentrations for the SR and NSR,
,40 -- House 1 respectively. Based upon the limited data
f House 2 from 3 houses, these figures should be
c A House 3 considered suggestive of ETS behavior, but
20 not conclusive. The ETS tracer
concentrations are plotted against the
household ETS source strength calculated
0 N from the weekly butt-count and ventilation
U NON-SMOKING ROOM rate data. Presenting the data this way allows
15 examination of tracer behavior across the
three houses. All the tracers performed
.10 similarly in predicting weekly smoking rates
(and thus ETS emission rates) in the SRs in
5 real homes - correlation between butt-count
based source strengths and all tracers have R2
0 values from0.6 to 0.7.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Experiment Week For the NSRs the relationship between the
Figure 1. Adjusted weekly PM 3.5 tracer concentrations and the ETS source
concentrations in three study homes. strength is much less clear. In Figure 3, a
week 1 nicotine measurement in the NSR
(0.003 g m-3) was removed from the figure,
as it was an extreme outlier and possibly suspect. If this data point were included, nicotine
would have no predictive value (R2 =0.03, slope=0.70). Nicotine and FPM had poor
predictive ability when NSR data from all houses were considered together. UVPM, with an
R2 of 0.5, did the best at predicting NSR ETS concentrations, while adjusted PM 3.5 had
much lower R2 values, possibly due to other indoor sources of respirable particles. Overall,
none of the ETS tracers provided particularly strong predictive power for the ETS source in
the NSR. Even so, UVPM and FPM, when adjusted for infiltration of outdoor PM, did meet
the criteria (given in the introduction) for tracer effectiveness in both the smoking and non-
smoking rooms.
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Apte, Michael; Gundel, Lara; Dod, Raymond; Chang, Gee-Min & Sextro, Richard. A pilot study of the behavior of gas- and particle-phase ETS tracers in residences, article, February 1, 2002; Berkeley, California. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc738753/m1/4/: accessed March 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.