An Integrated Model of the Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Battery Page: 3 of 6
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Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Cell
The lithium/thionyl chloride D-size cell simulated in
this work is a design that has been developed and
extensively characterized by Sandia National
Laboratories over several years. 3 Three variations of
the cell are being studied, a low-rate cell for discharge
rates up to 70 mA, a moderate-rate cell for discharge
rates up to 500 mA, and a high-rate cell for discharges
up to 5 A. Models will eventually be implemented for
all three cells, although only the low- and moderate-rate
designs have been simulated thus far. Table 1 shows
some of the salient parameters for the three design
variations. All are spiral wound, use the same D-size
can, contain a LiA1C4 electrolyte salt, and are cathode
limited for safety and long life.
Table 1: Li/SOC12 Cell Design ParametersAnode Area (cm2)
Cathode Area (cm2)
Cathode Thickness (cm)
LiAlC4 Concentration (M)
Theoretical Li Capacity (Ah)
Theoretical Electrolyte
Capacity (Ah)
An extensive series of ca20
a:15
E 10
v 5
050 70
125
-51 Discharge
0-3 Temperature (C)
400 250 50 -30
10 -55
Load Resistance (ohms)Figure 1: Capacity versus temperature and load
resistance for low-rate Li/SOC2 D-size cells.standard Butler-Volmer description of the electrode
Design kinetics, and a bulk description of the cathode porosity
Low Moderate High and plugging profile versus depth. Other factors, such
145 344 508 as self-discharge, are represented by separate
subroutines built to duplicate experimental data
179 394 540 measured on the same type of cells. One parameter that
has not been included yet is the time- and temperature-
0.183 0.076 0.064 dependent formation of the lithium chloride corrosion
film on the surface of the lithium anode. Some
1.0 1.0 1.5 experimental measurements of the film resistance are
available from ac impedance data, but the variation
17.6 16.2 13.3 with different conditions is very complex. An ANN
model of the changes in film resistance may be
19.3 19.3 17.0 necessary to simulate the complicated nature of this
space, but at present there are not yet enough
impedance test data to train a network, although this is
pacity tests has been an area of current effort.completed for both the low- and moderate-rate cell
designs, and provides the basis for either validating and
adjusting the parameters in the phenomenological
model, or training and validating the ANN model. Cell
capacities were measured over a range of temperatures
and for a variety of constant-resistance loads. Figure 1
shows the capacity results for the low-rate cell in the
form of a surface plot. Maximum capacity of about
15.5 Ah is delivered near ambient temperature and
when the load resistance is larger than 250 ohms (-15
mA current). The capacity versus temperature curves at
a given load are sigmoid in shape.
Electrochemical (Phenomenological) Model
The electrochemical model is based on mass and energy
balance within the cell, the internal mass transport, aKinetic and transport parameters were obtained by
matching simulated cell capacities and average cell
voltages to constant load discharge curves over a range
of temperatures and loads. Cathode swelling was
accounted for by adjusting the cathode porosity and
thickness to match cell capacity at ambient temperature
and high load resistance (i.e., low current). The
resulting model fits constant-load, constant-external-
temperature discharge curves quite well, as shown in
Figure 2.Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model
ANNs are inductive, or data-based, models for
simulating input/output mappings. Although this study
represents their first application to chemical power
19980507 0622
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Jungst, R. G.; Nagasubramanian, G.; Ingersoll, D.; O`Gorman, C. C.; Paez, T. L.; Jain, M. et al. An Integrated Model of the Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Battery, article, June 8, 1998; Albuquerque, New Mexico. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc710012/m1/3/: accessed March 28, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.