Large applications and challenges of state-of-the-art superconducting RF (SRF) technologies Page: 4 of 12
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20,000 SRF cavities in two 10-km-active-length linacs with a superfluid liquid-He (LHe II)
inventory of about 95,000 kg.'2 A brief summary of various SRF applications is presented
herewith.
SRF Structures in Successful Operation
TRISTAN at KEK (Japan). TRISTAN2 was the first large scale application of SRF
cavities in the world. It consists of 32 5-cell Nb cavities in 16 cryostats (Fig. 4A), 8 high
power 508 MHz RF systems and one 6.5 kW LHe refrigerator. Energy gain per pass is
0.24 GeV. It has successfully served high energy research for 7 years.
HERA at DESY (Germany). Since 1992 the HERA electron storage ring has been
equipped with 16 superconducting (SRF) and 84 normal-conducting cavities (both 500
MHz)3 as shown in Fig. 4B. The cavities have a total of about 30,000 hours of beam
operation time. Energy gain per pass is 0.08 GeV.
LEP R at CERN (Switzerland). Development of SRF cavities for more than 15
years yielded a gradual increase of the beam energy in LEP.4 The majority of the 230 SRF
cavities (352 MHz) are based on thin niobium films sputtered on a copper substrate.
Energy gain per pass is 2.2 GeV. Fig. 4C shows a CERN SRF cryomodule.
CEBAF at Jefferson Lab (USA). The accelerator is designed for nuclear physics. It
has a superconducting injector linac and two parallel superconducting main linacs containing
338 SRF cavities.18 All cavities are a 5-cell design with waveguide couplers. The cavities
operate at a frequency of 1.5 GHz and 2 K. The accelerator can simultaneously deliver
beam to three experimental halls after 1-5 passes through the main linacs (re-circulation) for
energies up to 4 GeV. Fig. 4D is the CEBAF cryomodule.
S-DALINAC at Darmstadt (Germany). It was designed for a free electron laser and
has operated since 1990 with 8 20-cell SRF cavities (3 GHz) in 5 cryomodules.6
ATLAS at Argonne (USA). The heavy-ion linac of SRF quarter-wavelength SRF
cavities began operation in 1978 and has operated and expanded continuously.5
ALPI at L.N.L (Italy). ALPI was completed in 1990 with 97 SRF quarter-wave
resonators for heavy-ion acceleration.'9
Stanford University (USA), SUNY-StonyBrook20 (USA) and Saelay (France)
have all contributed to the developments of SRF technologies for many years.
SRF Structures Under Development or Construction
TESLA-TTF at DESY (Germany). The TESLA (TeV Electron Superconducting
Linear Accelerator) Collaboration is an international R & D effort towards the development
of an ee- linear collider with 500 GeV center of mass for multiple purposes: high energy
physics, nuclear physics and laser technology. The TESLA Collaboration is building a
prototype TESLA test facility (TTF) of a 500 MeV superconducting linear accelerator
(-100 in) to establish the technical basis'2. The collaboration will develop 20 km of active
SRF accelerating structures at a frequency of 1.3 GHz and 25 MV/m if TESLA is finally
approved (Fig. 5).
B-Factory at KEK (Japan). The B-Factory is designed mainly to search for the
famous CP violation. It consists of 20 single-cell 500 MHz accelerating cavities as shown in
Fig. 6. The very attractive feature of its SRF structures21,2'm is the capability of carrying
very large beam current (300-1,000 mA), high input power (-300 kW per cavity) and very
high HOM power extraction of 12 kW per cavity.
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Shu, Q.S. Large applications and challenges of state-of-the-art superconducting RF (SRF) technologies, article, November 1, 1997; Newport News, Virginia. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc698680/m1/4/: accessed April 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.