Use of alternating-Z doubling in high-dynamic-range tripling: design and evaluation of an optimized prototype tripler Page: 4 of 25
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the two-crystal tripler, the dynamic range is largely determined by the doubler. One
approach to increasing the dynamic range, usage of multiple crystals, was first
conceived more than 30 years ago. The stack-of-plates design [9,10] was proposed as a
technique for obtaining quasi-phase matching over a relatively long path in an
isotropic material, and demonstrated in GaAs [11,12], CdTe [13], and SiO2 [14]. A key
element in these designs was the alternating-Z arrangement. One out of every pair
of crystals in the stack was flipped so that the orientation of the C axis in one crystal
was opposite that in the preceding crystal. Phase mismatch that accumulated in one
crystal was canceled in the next.
For birefringent materials, multiple passage of the beam through one crystal
during intracavity doubling of YAG lasers [15] was the first significant application of
the multiple-crystal harmonic conversion. Later, Volosov et al studied doubling in
two KDP crystals that were used in tandem in a beam that was external to a laser
cavity [16]. They experimentally and theoretically evaluated the four possible
arrangements of two Type I doublers in series, and the two arrangements of Type II
doublers. The combination that is now known as the Type I alternating-Z was least
sensitive to beam divergence, and most successful at preventing back conversion.
Eimerl provided a thorough analysis of N-plate, alternating-Z doublers,
which could be cooled by flowing gas between the plates. His work indicated that
these devices could provide high efficiency at low to moderate input power, and
that they could tolerate the large thermal loading in a high-average-power laser[17].
KD*P doublers were built according to the principles of that analysis, and used with
a slab-glass laser [18,19]. An alternating-Z doubler with two 2.5-cm-thick KD*P
crystals generated more than 100 W of second-harmonic (527-nm) light, in a nearly
diffraction limited beam, at a relatively low 1053-nm input intensity of 100-200
MW/ cm2 [18]. With an improved slab laser and a similar doubler, conversion
efficiency of 80% was obtained at 185 MW/ cm2, and at a total output power of more
than 100 W at 527-nm[19].
Usage of more than two KD*P crystals for doubling was reported by Siebert et
al[20]. Their 3-crystal doubler provided efficiency of 28% while converting long-2
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Auerbach, J. M.; Barker, C.; Eimerl, D.; Milan, D. & Milonni, P. W. Use of alternating-Z doubling in high-dynamic-range tripling: design and evaluation of an optimized prototype tripler, article, July 27, 1998; Livermore, California. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc681739/m1/4/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.