Flight investigation of the heat requirements for ice prevention on aircraft windshields Page: 3 of 17
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NACA RM No. E7G28
Special weather forecasting for the icing flights were provided by
representatives of the United States Weather Bureau. The windshields
used were provided by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company.
APPARATUS
A special airplane-forebody section incorporating seven wind-
shield panels each 11 inches square was moun-ted on a four-engine
bomber-type airplane (fig. 1). The windshield panels were installed
at the following angles with the thrust axis (fig. 2):
Windshield Angle
panel (deg)
1, 7 45
2, 3, 5, 6 30
4 6o
Windshield panels 1, 2, and 4 were the laminated type and were
electrically heated (fig. 3). The remaining windshields were not
heated. A typical windshield installation is shown in figure 3.
Electric power was furnished to the test panels by an auxiliary power
plant installed in the waist compartment of the airplane.
INSTRUMENTATION
Temperatures of the outside and inside surfaces of each wind-
shield panel were recorded by thermocouples. Three thermocouples
were installed on both the outside and inside surfaces of each panel.
The thermocouples were located diagonally across the panel, one in
the center and one 43 inches on either side of the center (fig. 3).
The installation of the thermocouples on the outside did not disturb
the aerodynamic smoothness of the surface. The inside thermocouples
were cemented to the surface with rubber cement. A shielded
resistance-bulb thermometer was installed on the bottom of the air-
plane fuselage to measure ambient-air temperature.
Pressures at altitude and airspeed were measured by flush
static orifices and a total-pressure tube located on the side of
the airplane at the pilot's station.
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Kleinknecht, Kenneth S. Flight investigation of the heat requirements for ice prevention on aircraft windshields, report, September 5, 1947; (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc58177/m1/3/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.