An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between Transformational and Authentic Leadership and Their Relationship to Followers' Outcomes Page: 58
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Well-being was measured by a series of questions based off of the work by Ryff and
Singer (1998). The authors proposed that four components characterized well-being: (1) leading
a life with a purpose, (2) quality connections to others, (3) positive self-regard and mastery, and
(4) perception of negative events as paths to meaning and purpose. Each of these four elements
moves beyond the physiological and biological level to incorporate a psychological component.
Therefore, questions were generated from these 4 components (a =.96). The scale consists of 10
items. The scale of well-being is scored by summing the points across all 10 items (see
Appendix B).
Performance was measured by a series of questions generated over time using definitions
of performance and team effectiveness scales (Avolio and Luthans et al., 2004; Vecchio et al.,
2008). There are so many performance scales to date, that questions were taken from subject
matter experts and from some of the questions provided by the other scales (a =.97). The scale
consists of four items. The scale of performance is scored by summing the points across all 4
items (see Appendix B).
Satisfaction was measured by the adaptation of Hackman and Oldham's (1975) General
Job Satisfaction Scale. The authors describe the scale as an overall measure of the degree to
which employees are satisfied and happy with their jobs (a =.95). The scale consists of five
items. The scale of performance is scored by summing the points across all five items (See
Appendix B).
Pilot Study 1
Sample
The sample used in the first pilot study consisted of 99 undergraduate students enrolled in
face to face classes, reflecting an 83% response rate. The sample was comprised primarily of58
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McKee, Victoria. An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between Transformational and Authentic Leadership and Their Relationship to Followers' Outcomes, dissertation, August 2013; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc283823/m1/67/: accessed March 29, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .