The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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This article collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020 to understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on maternal labor force participation. The article shows that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force.

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Collins, Caitlyn; Ruppanner, Leah; Landivar, Liana Christin & Scarborough, William March 12, 2021.

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This article is part of the collection entitled: UNT Scholarly Works and was provided by the UNT College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences to the UNT Digital Library, a digital repository hosted by the UNT Libraries. It has been viewed 22 times. More information about this article can be viewed below.

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This article collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020 to understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on maternal labor force participation. The article shows that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force.

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19 p.

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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents—especially mothers—depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020. We link these data to the Current Population Survey to evaluate the association between school reopening and parents’ labor force participation rates, comparing 2020 labor force participation rates to those observed prepandemic in 2019. We find that, across states, the maternal labor force participation rate fell to a greater extent than that of fathers. In 2019, mothers’ rate of labor force participation was about 18 percentage points lower than fathers’. By 2020, this gap grew by 5 percentage points in states where schools offered primarily remote instruction. We show that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force. The longer these conditions remain in place, the more difficult it may be for mothers to fully recover from prolonged spells of nonemployment, resulting in reduced occupational opportunities and lifetime earnings.

Collins C., Ruppanner L., Christin Landivar L., Scarborough W.J., The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Gender & Society 35(2) pp. 180-193. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). DOI: 10.1177/08912432211001300

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  • Gender & Society, 35(2), Sage Publishing Inc., March 12, 2021, pp. 1-19

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  • Publication Title: Gender & Society
  • Volume: 35
  • Issue: 2
  • Page Start: 180
  • Page End: 193
  • Peer Reviewed: Yes

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  • March 12, 2021

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  • Oct. 21, 2021, 11:26 a.m.

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  • Dec. 1, 2023, 1:41 p.m.

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Thumbnail image of item number 1 in: 'The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic'.
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Collins, Caitlyn; Ruppanner, Leah; Landivar, Liana Christin & Scarborough, William. The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic, article, March 12, 2021; (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1852225/: accessed October 5, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences.

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