The Photogrammetry of the Tracks of Elementary Particles in Bubble Chambers

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In high-energy particle physics the initial problem is to obtain information about the behavior of particles which are invisible by any known means (the radius of a proton is 10-13 cm) and which may be traveling at speeds greater than 180,000 miles per second, but at less than the speed of light. Some of the work is being done with the use of electronic counters, but the larger fraction is currently done by three techniques which employ the photographic process. These are the silver halide emulsion stack, the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and the spark chamber. Counters provide immediate information … continued below

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Garfield, John F. October 15, 1963.

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In high-energy particle physics the initial problem is to obtain information about the behavior of particles which are invisible by any known means (the radius of a proton is 10-13 cm) and which may be traveling at speeds greater than 180,000 miles per second, but at less than the speed of light. Some of the work is being done with the use of electronic counters, but the larger fraction is currently done by three techniques which employ the photographic process. These are the silver halide emulsion stack, the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and the spark chamber. Counters provide immediate information but it is of a yes-or-no character, whereas the other methods are capable of actually mapping, with varying degrees of accuracy, an interaction between particles. The emulsion stack is quite familiar and need be discussed only briefly. Since individual silver halide crystals are rendered developable along the paths of charged particles, a sensitive detector may be built up with thick layers of specially sensitized emulsion having no base support. As the path of the particle may be through several emulsion having no base support. as the path of the particle may be through several emulsion layers and the track must be measured under a microscope, it is important to make each layer as thick as possible to lessen the problem of following the tracks from layer to layer. The usual compromise between the problems of scanning and those of processing these thick pellicles is to use emulsion slabs of 400 to 600 μ in thickness. As a 400 μ pellicle swells to over 1600 microns during processing and dries down to about 200 μ, due to the removal of the undeveloped silver halide, the technique is subject to severe overall and local distortions which limit its usefulness.

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  • October 15, 1963

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  • Feb. 5, 2022, 9:57 a.m.

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  • Jan. 26, 2023, 1:38 p.m.

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Garfield, John F. The Photogrammetry of the Tracks of Elementary Particles in Bubble Chambers, report, October 15, 1963; Washington D.C.. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1255874/: accessed July 17, 2025), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.

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