Low-frequency computational electromagnetics for antenna analysis Page: 3 of 79
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1. INTRODUCTION
Although Computational ElectroMagnetics (CEM) dates its origin prior to development
of the large-scale digital computer, depending previously on mechanical calculators for
the necessary computations, it truly began in the early 1960s with the appearance of the
first scientific mainframes. With the approximately 10,000,000 times speed increase
from the 1,000 floating-point operations (FLOPs)/second of the UNIVAC-1 to the
near-10 GigaFLOP speed of the present mainframes, the size, complexity and scope of
problems that are routinely computer modeled not only in electromagnetics but in all of
science and engineering, has vastly increased. The purpose of this article is to
summarize present capabilities in CEM for antenna applications.
The article title includes the words "low frequency" because in spite of the continuing
increase in computer speed that is occurring, a factor of 10 about every five years, the
raw "number-crunching" requirements of first-principles, numerically-rigorous EM
modeling grows at least as fast as the fourth power of the frequency, f, for a given
problem. Thus, it is not hard to challenge the capacity of 10 GigaFLOP computers, and
when the speed has further increased to 1 TeraFLOP or 1 PetaFLOP, the set of
problems for which computer modeling is practical will be less dramatically expanded.
The digital computer has never-the-less irrevocably altered the world of the
electromagneticest, supplementing and complementing analysis and measurement with
computer modeling as a third method of problem solving.
The article is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present the necessary analytical.
background to explain the mathematically formal descriptions of low-frequency antenna
models that are included here. This is followed in Section 3 by a summary of the
numerical treatments employed to obtain quantitative results from the analytical
descriptions. We consider some extensions to the basic problem of perfect condutors in
free space in Section 4, followed by a consideration of some computational issues that
affect model selection and application in Section 5. A survey of representative modeling
capabilities and applications is included in Section 6, with some concluding Section
comments in Section 7.Low-Frequency Antenna Models, Proc. iEEE '91, Page 2
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Miller, E.K. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA)) & Burke, G.J. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (USA)). Low-frequency computational electromagnetics for antenna analysis, article, January 1, 1991; New Mexico. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1109264/m1/3/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.