Industrial Sector Technology Use Model (ISTUM): industrial energy use in the United States, 1974-2000. Volume 2. Results Page: 67 of 119

                                
Controls the Brayton Heat Pump and High Temperature Recupera-
tors. The first two of these technologies are easily cost
competitive but are limited by their potential to conserve
energy. Heater Air/Fuel Controls are able to save 20 percent
of the energy consumed when direct heating and the Brayton
Heat Pump can save up to 5 percent. The High Temperature
Recuperator has high capital costs and approaches its maxi-
mum fraction of 18 percent only at high load factors - at
low load factors, regardless of size, it only wins roughly
half this amount.
2. Energy Use Projections
This service sector is projected to require 2.062 quads
in 1980 and 3.736 quads in the year 2000, averaging a
3 percent annual growth rate over the time period studied.
Oil and gas are the major suppliers for this service;
sector, contributing roughly 95 percent of all energy in 1980
and 85 percent in the year 2000. Their consumption occurs
in oil and gas direct heaters.respectively.
Coal's usage is increased in this service sector, beginning
at zero in 1980 and increasing to 7.5 percent of all energy
in the year 20.00. New .Coal .Direct Heaters are responsible
for coal's increase in usage.
Conservation reduces energy demand by over 2 percent in
1985 and by nearly 7 percent in the year 2000. Waste heat
replaces conventional fuels (via High Temperature Recuperators)
for 5 percent of the market in the year 2000 and a Process
Change, Heater Air/Fuel Controls, replaces the rest.
The reduced, electricity demand shown for Direct Heat - In-
termediate may be a programming error more than a valid pro-
jection. Conventional electricity supplied over 15 percent
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