Aquifer thermal energy storage reference manual: seasonal thermal energy storage program Page: 88 of 99
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be stored at a low cost. This would be attractive for district water heating
and agricultural uses. Coupled with heat pumps in buildings, this method can
be used for both heating and cooling when two ponds are used. This method pro-
vides a viable option to aquifer TES where aquifer storage is not practical.
Ponds can also be covered with solar heat collectors to provide a source of
heat for the pond.
Wet earth TES also has potential for STES systems and should be studied
further.
Other concepts which may be used for STES include natural lakes and ponds,
solar ponds, mine open pits, caverns and rock TES. Use of these concepts are
very site specific.
Large, insulated tanks are worthy of consideration because they may be
used in a wide variety of places and their relatively high cost may be offset
by good storage efficiency.
Latent TES
Overall, the use of latent heat for TES is not a well developed method.
It is usually more complex and costly than sensible heat concepts.
Use of latent heat in STES applications will probably be limited to
building and refrigeration ice cooling in the near term. Compacted winter
snow and ice can be harvested and placed in a insulated reservoir for summer
cooling of buildings or refrigeration of crops. Sites for use of this method
are limited, however, and ice harvesting economics must be studied.
Glaubers salt and paraffin are being experimented with for daily low
temperature TES. Salts and eutectics are being developed for daily TES high
temperature applications like power generation, boiler feedwater pre-heating
and industrial process heating.
Due to high cost of materials, heat exchangers and containment, latent
heat TES will be limited to hourly, daily, and perhaps weekly applications.
Use of a hybrid concept of water and encapsulated phase change material (PCM)
may be used to provide daily fixed temperature buffer storage for a STES
system.
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Prater, L.S. Aquifer thermal energy storage reference manual: seasonal thermal energy storage program, report, January 1, 1980; Richland, Washington. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1053829/m1/88/: accessed April 24, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.