A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy Page: 27 of 259
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(a) 1 (b)
Collimating
slits O
Ag oven
Figure 1.2. Layout of the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Atomic Ag beam is collimated before
traveling down the length of a magnet with a strongly inhomogeneous field along the z.
(a) If the spatial components of angular momentum are quantized, the beam will be split
into distinct beams along 2, resulting in separate spots at the rear detection plane. (b) If
angular momentum is classically distributed in space, the beam will be evenly spread in z.
not valid, the orientation of the atom's total L, and hence p will be randomly oriented in
space, producing a smooth distribution of forces in the beam and a continuous spread of
the beam along the z-axis. A schematic of the experiment and these two possible results
are shown in Figure 1.2.
Stern was already an expert at creating atomic beams. Since he wanted as strongly an
inhomogeneous field as possible, he recruited Walther Gerlach, who had experience making
such magnets, to help. The original experiment they performed used atomic beams of
Ag. At the time, the angular momentum quantization rules were not written exactly as
in equations 1.1 and 1.2. The Sommerfeld-Bohr model predicted that the total angular
momentum of a silver atom would be equivalent to an l = 1 state, but only allowed for
mL = 1 without a ml = 0 value. Thus, the then current theory of space quantization
predicted that the orbital angular momentum would split a Ag beam into two, with a
magnitude of splitting corresponding to a difference in magnetic moment along the z-axis
of 2pB.
Stern and Gerlach developed their experiment using Ag atoms expelled from an oven
at 1000 C and collimated by two slits of 30pm width. The magnet used was 3.5cm long
and produced a field of approximately 0.1T with a gradient of 1OT/cm. The experiment6
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Jozwiak, Chris. A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy, thesis or dissertation, December 1, 2008; United States. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1014237/m1/27/?rotate=90: accessed April 24, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.