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Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers

Description: A prominent feature of Japan's capitalism consists of families of companies called keiretsu that are linked by crossholdings of stock shares, intra-group financing, and certain coordinating mechanisms. Two types of keiretsu exist: large horizontally organized industrial conglomerates, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Sumitomo, and vertically integrated manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nippon Steel, and Matsushita Electric. They have become a contentious issue in U.S. trade negotiations with Japan … more
Date: January 30, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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South Korea's Economy and Trade

Description: South Korea has become a mid-level economy with a growing consumer market and industrial base. It now is in transition. It can no longer compete easily in low-wage, low-technology manufacturing with other countries of Asia, yet it does not have the technology and expertise to compete fully with industries from Japan, the United States, and Europe.
Date: July 15, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Looming Bank Crisis: A Half Trillion Dollars in Non-Performing Loans?

Description: Japan's top 21 banks have reported Y13.6 trillion (US$136 billion) in non-performing loans, but experts consider the true figure to be in the range of Y40 to Y60 trillion (US$400 to US$600 billion). If 90, Japan's banks may take five to seven more years to write off their bad loans and restore health to their balance sheets. Current write-offs are being financed primarily by sales of stocks held by banks whose values have appreciated. This problem of bad loans is depressing Japan's economic gro… more
Date: August 19, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Indonesia "Summit" in 1994

Description: This report discusses the Ministerial and Leaders' Meetings of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, set to be held in Indonesia. APEC is a consultative body with membership of seventeen Pacific Basin economies that includes both China and Taiwan. The body is working toward trade liberalization (but not a free-trade area) in the most dynamic economic region of the world.
Date: March 16, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Dispute Settlement Under the WTO and Trade Problems with Japan

Description: Under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United States may use the dispute settlement mechanism to resolve certain trade problems with Japan. As compared with the mechanism under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the WTO offers expanded coverage and nearly automatic approval for panel requests and reports.
Date: October 5, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Dispute Settlement Under the WTO and Trade Problems with Japan

Description: Under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United States may use the dispute settlement mechanism to resolve certain trade problems with Japan. As compared with the mechanism under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the WTO offers expanded coverage and nearly automatic approval for panel requests and reports.
Date: December 23, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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JETRO and International Trade Promotion by Japan

Description: JETRO, the Japan External Trade Organization, has played a key role in Japan's system for trade promotion. It is a public corporation, a quasi-governmental organization, operating under the general supervision of Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI).
Date: June 10, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan?

Description: This report examines: (1) the definition(s) of managed trade, (2) the underlying economic arguments for and against such policies, (3) past U.S. experiences with managed trade, (4) perceptions that Japan is somehow "different" from other trading nations and warrants a distinctive approach to resolving trade disputes, (5) the implications of the Administration's current results oriented approach to U.S.-Japan trade issues, and (6) alternative proposals offered in Congress to resolve trade disput… more
Date: June 14, 1994
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.; Cooper, William H. & Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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