Economic development of energy sufficiency programs for developing countries are planned cooperatively with the US. Feasibility studies are proposed using each nation's resources. (PSB)
The Energy Analysis Program (EAP) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) first became involved in Chinese energy issues through a joint China-US symposium on markets and demand for energy held in Nanjing in November of 1988. Discovering common interests, EAP began to collaborate on projects with the Energy Research Institute (ERI) of China`s State Planning Commission. In the course of this work it became clear that a major issue in the furtherance of our research was the acquisition of reliable data. In addition to other, more focused activities-evaluating programs of energy conservation undertaken in China and the prospects for making Chinese industrics morc energy-efficient, preparing historical reviews of cncrgy supply and demand in the People`s Republic of China, sponsoring researchers from China to work with experts at LBL on such topics as energy efficiency standards for buildings, adaptation of US energy analysis software to Chinese conditions, and transportation issues-we decided to compile, assess, and organize Chinese energy data. Preparing this volume confronted us with a number of difficult issues. The most frustrating usually involved the different approaches to sectoral divisions taken in China and the US. For instance, fuel used by motor vehicles belonging to industrial enterprises is counted as industrial consumption in China; only fuel use by vehicles belonging to enterprises engaged primarily in transportation is countcd as transportation use. The estimated adjustment to count all fuel use by vehicles as transportation energy use is quite large, since a large fraction of motor vehicles belong to industrial enterprises. Similarly, Chinese industrial investment figures are skewed compared to those collected in the US because a large portion of enterprises` investment funds is directed towards providing housing and social services for workers and their families.
Although China became the world's largest emitter of energy-related CO{sub 2} emissions in 2007, China does not publish annual estimates of CO{sub 2} emissions and most published estimates of China's emissions have been done by other international organizations. Undertaken at the request of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the US Department of Energy, this study examines the feasibility of applying the EIA emissions inventory methodology to estimate China's emissions from published Chinese data. Besides serving as a proof of concept, this study also helps develop a consistent and transparent method for estimating China's CO{sub 2} emissions using an Excel model and identified China-specific data issues and areas for improvement. This study takes a core set of data from the energy balances published in the China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2009 and China Petrochemical Corporation Yearbook 2009 and applies the EIA's eight-step methodology to estimate China's 2008 CO{sub 2} emissions. First, China's primary and secondary fuel types and consumption by end use are determined with slight discrepancies identified between the two data sources and inconsistencies in product categorization with the EIA. Second, energy consumption data are adjusted to eliminate double counting in the four potential areas identified by EIA; consumption data from China's Special Administrative Regions are not included. Physical fuel units are then converted to energy equivalents using China's standard energy measure of coal equivalent (1 kilogram = 29.27 MJ) and IPCC carbon emissions coefficients are used to calculate each fuel's carbon content. Next, carbon sequestration is estimated following EIA conventions for other petroleum products and non-energy use of secondary fuels. Emissions from international bunker fuels are also subtracted under the 'reference' calculation of estimating apparent energy consumption by fuel type and the 'sectoral' calculation of summing emissions across end-use sectors. Adjustments for the China-specific conventions of reporting foreign bunkers …
China faces a significant challenge in the years ahead to continue to provide essential materials and products for a rapidly-growing economy while addressing pressing environmental concerns. China's industrial sector is heavily dependent on the country's abundant, yet polluting, coal resources. While tremendous energy conservation and environmental protection achievements were realized in the industrial sector in the past, there remains a great gulf between the China's level of energy efficiency and that of the advanced countries of the world. Internationally, significant energy efficiency improvement in the industrial sector has been realized in a number of countries using an innovative policy mechanism called Voluntary Agreements. This paper describes international experience with Voluntary Agreements in the industrial sector as well as the development of a pilot program to test the use of such agreements with two steel mills in Shandong Province, China.
China faces a significant challenge in the years ahead to continue to provide essential materials and products for a rapidly-growing economy while addressing pressing environmental concerns. China's industrial sector is heavily dependent on the country's abundant, yet polluting, coal resources. While tremendous energy conservation and environmental protection achievements were realized in the industrial sector in the past, there remains a great gulf between the China's level of energy efficiency and that of the advanced countries of the world. Internationally, significant energy efficiency improvement in the industrial sector has been realized in a number of countries using an innovative policy mechanism called Voluntary Agreements. This paper describes international experience with Voluntary Agreements in the industrial sector as well as the development of a pilot program to test the use of such agreements with two steel mills in Shandong Province, China.
This final report provides a broad overview of program accomplishments. Brief descriptions are provided for accomplishments with respect to intercomparisions and improvements in general circulation models, analysis of climatic data and climate model statistics, and accomplishments in the China Meteorology coordination.
This report discusses the U.S. concern about China that appeared driven by security calculation at the Pentagon and in congress. It also points out key issues, Hong Kong Governance and Major Legislation.
This report gives an overview of China's Space and the contents include China's SPace Launch Activities, funding programs, military space activities, and international cooperation.
This final report provides a broad overview of program accomplishments. Brief descriptions are provided for accomplishments with respect to intercomparisions and improvements in general circulation models, analysis of climatic data and climate model statistics, and accomplishments in the China Meteorology coordination.
The authors report on the results of finite-difference simulations of regional seismic wave propagation from a 1995 explosion at the Chinese test site at Lop Nor and from the recent Indian test. These simulations provide insight into variations in explosion seismograms recorded for these events. Previous modeling efforts by App et al., 1996, and Jones et al., 1998, have shown that many features in seismograms from explosions and earthquakes received at various stations surrounding Lop Nor can be reproduced with simple descriptions of the geologic structure along each path. However, differences in detail between simulations and the earthquake-like seismograms recorded at Station TLY in the Baikal Rift for the Lop Nor explosion have motivated further study of propagation effects. Differences between the TLY data and the simulations indicate that the use of homogeneous materials within the basins, crust, and mantle is too simplistic to capture some of the important features of the observed seismograms. Current efforts involve simulations in which 1-D and 2-D lithosphere models are merged to mimic gradients and 2-D structure, features which produce Rayleigh-wave dispersion and an improved agreement in group velocity curves. Source models have been modified to include a component of tectonic release during the Lop Nor explosion. The recent nuclear tests in India have been modeled in a similar fashion. The propagation path crosses the Moho step beneath the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau before being received at station NIL. Similarly, the path from Lop Nor to NIL crosses a Moho step beneath the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and, in both cases, the effect of a step when combined with surface basin attenuation effectively block the Lg phase. Simulations show that both attenuation and crustal thickening are important when modeling propagation near the Tibetan Plateau.
China is the world`s fourth largest electric power producer, and is expected to surpass Japan within the next two years to become the third largest power producer. During the past 15 years, China`s total electricity generation more than tripled, increasing from about 300 TWh to about 1,000 TWh. Total installed generating capacity grew at an average of 8.2 percent per year, increasing from 66 to 214 GW. The share of China`s installed capacity in Asia increased from 21 to 31 percent. The Chinese government plans to continue China`s rapid growth rate in the power sector. Total installed capacity is planned to reach 300 GW by 2000, which will generate 1,400 TWh of electricity per year. China`s long-term power sector development is subject to great uncertainty. Under the middle scenario, total capacity is expected to reach 700 GW by 2015, with annual generation of 3,330 TWh. Under the low and high scenarios, total capacity will reach 527-1,005 GW by 2015. The high scenario representing possible demand. To achieve this ambitious scenario, dramatic policy changes in favor of power development are required; however, there is no evidence that such policy changes will occur at this stage. Even under the high scenario, China`s per capita annual electricity consumption would be only 3,000 kWh by 2015, less than half of the present per capita consumption for OECD countries. Under the low scenario, electricity shortages will seriously curb economic growth.
The distribution of clouds over the globe greatly influences the regimes of other important climatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation. While satellite records of cloudiness are extremely valuable in the study of the earth`s climate (spanning now 2--3 decades), the longer records of surface-observed cloudiness for much of the earth`s surface are preferred for integration with long-term records of other surface variables in attempting to understand these variables` relationships and trends. As databases of surface-based cloud observations have become available for research use over recent decades, there have been many studies concerned with examining trends in regional cloud cover. Kaiser and Vose (1997) performed a gridded analysis of variations and trends in cloud amount using 187 Chinese weather stations for the period 1954--1990. The main findings were significant decreases in annual mean cloud amount over much of northern China, coupled with corresponding increases in the frequency of occurrence of clear skies. The decreased trends in annual mean cloud amount over northern China were found to be driven by decreasing cloud amount over most months of the year. The current study uses an expanded period of record of China cloud observations (1951--1994) to re-examine trends in cloud amount at individuals stations and over eight regions of China.
The report consists of the vugraphs from the presentations which covered the following topics: Summaries of the US Department of Energy`s coal preparation research programs; Preparation trends in Russia; South African coal preparation developments; Trends in hard coal preparation in Germany; Application of coal preparation technology to oil sands extraction; Developments in coal preparation in China; and Coal preparation in Australia.
The People`s Republic of China has undergone major economic reform in the past decade producing a new free-market system that is distinctly Chinese. The Chinese realize that to be successful in world trade, quality management and export trading must be given the highest priority in China`s strategic economic plans. Many manufacturing companies are now implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) and the ISO 9000 i quality management standards. A first hand survey of the quality movement in China today is the objective of this paper.
The authors investigate the effectiveness of amplitude path corrections for regional phases on seismic event discrimination and magnitude estimation. Waveform data from digital stations in China for regional, shallow (< 50 km) events were obtained from the IRIS Data Management Center (DMC) for years 1986 to 1996 using the USGS Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE) and the Chinese State Seismological Bureau (SSB) catalogs. For each event, the amplitudes for each regional phase (P{sub n}, P{sub g}, S{sub n}, L{sub g}) were measured, as well as the P{sub g} and L{sub g} coda. Measured amplitudes were corrected for source scaling using estimates of m{sub b} and for distance using a power law that accounts for attenuation and spreading. The amplitude residuals were interpolated and mapped as 2-D amplitude correction surfaces. The authors employ several methods to create the amplitude correction surfaces: a waveguide method, and two interpolation methods (Baysian kriging and a circular moving window mean smoother). They explore the sensitivities of the surfaces to the method and to regional propagation, and apply these surfaces to correct amplitude data to reduce scatter in discrimination ratios and magnitude estimates.
Monitoring the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) to magnitude levels below 4.0 will require use of regional seismic data recorded at distances of less than 2000 km. To improve regional discriminant performance we tested three different methods of correcting for path effects, and the third method includes a correction for source-scaling. We used regional recordings of broadband from stations in and near China. Our first method removes trends between phase ratios and physical parameters associated with each event-station path. This approach requires knowledge of the physical parameters along an event-station path, such as topography, basin thickness, and crustal thickness. Our second approach is somewhat more empirical. We examine spatial distributions of phase amplitudes after subtracting event magnitude and correcting for path distance. For a given station, phase, and frequency band, we grid and then smooth the magnitude-corrected and distance-corrected amplitudes to create a map representing a correction surface. We reference these maps to correct phase amplitudes prior to forming discrimination ratios. Our third approach is the most complicated, but also the most rigorous. For a given station and phase, we invert the spectra of a number of well-recorded earthquakes for source and path parameters. We then use the values obtained from the inversion to correct phase amplitudes for the effects of source size, distance, and attenuation. Finally,the amplitude residuals are gridded and smoothed to create a correction surface representing secondary path effects. We find that simple ratio- parameter corrections can improve discrimination performance along some paths (such as Kazakh Test Site (KTS) to WMQ), but for other paths (such as Lop Nor to AAK) the corrections are not beneficial. Our second method, the empirical path correction surfaces, improves discrimination performance for Lop Nor to AAK paths. Our third method, combined source and path corrections, has only been tested at WMQ …
This document is a glossary of English/Chinese and Chinese/English expressions which are technical terms likely to occur in literature related to nuclear materials control and accounting.
As part of the CTBT Research and Development regional characterization effort, we are assembling, organizing and analyzing geological, geophysical,and seismic data for inclusion in a knowledge base for China. We have collected seismic data from 11 Chinese Digital Seismic Network (CDSN) stations as well as IRIS stations AAK, TLY, ULN and NIL from adjoining regions. Using the published event locations and origin times, we identify Pn, Pg, Sn, and Lg phases,construct travel time curves, and estimate apparent velocities from broadband and short period seismograms. Following this, we collect amplitudes of regional seismic phases and associated noise levels using bandpassed waveforms. Studies of path specific propagation of the seismic phases have mapped blockages and have generated corrections useful in reducing scatter in magnitude estimates and in discriminant ratios. Such path corrections reduce RMS distance and mb- corrected Lg amplitude to as much as 60% of its original level (log{sub 10} domain). Path corrections are less effective with Pn data. We also study source scaling effects on these data which will allow us to refine path corrections further.
Developing a modern electric power sector is necessary for economic growth and development to proceed. Institutions to implement an IRP (integrated resource planning) process do not exist in many countries. Hainan`s economy is growing rapidly with a concomitant increase in electricity demand. This is an ideal time in Hainan`s development to implement an IRP process. The challenge is for Hainan to develop institutions and incentive mechanisms for HEPCO (Hainan Electric Power Co.) to adopt cost-based pricing, run DSM programs, construct renewable generating plants, etc. One proposal is to great a Hainan government-wide IRP committee.
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