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Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress
Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, is a Palestinian Islamist military and sociopolitical movement that grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood, a Sunni religious and political organization founded in Egypt in 1928 that has branches throughout the world. The United States, Israel, the European Union, and Canada consider Hamas a terrorist organization. The overarching U.S. goal regarding Hamas is to deter, transform, marginalize, or neutralize it so that it no longer presents a threat to Israel's security, to a peaceful and lasting resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or to other U.S. interests. This report discusses U.S. efforts and policy debates on these issues.
A Comparative Study of Terrorism in Southwest Asia 1968-1982
This study assumes that political terrorism results from conscious decision-making by groups opposing a governing system, policy or process. The kinds of terrorist activity employed depend upon such factors as the philosophy, goals, objectives, and needs of the terrorist group. This presents a comparative analysis of three types of terrorists in southwest Asia: Palestinians, Marxist-Leninists, and Muslims. The first section summarizes and compares the three groups' motivational causes, philosophies, histories and sources of inspiration. The second section compares their behavior from four perspectives: trends and patterns, level of violence, tactical preferences, and lethality. The third section identifies and categorizes socioeconomic, political and military variables associated with tactic selection and acts of terrorism.
International Peacekeeping Operations: Sinai, Congo, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Chad Lessons for the UN and OAU
Peacekeeping is a means by which international or regional organizations control conflict situations that are likely to endanger international peace and security. Most scholars have viewed the contributions of peacekeeping forces only in terms of failures, and they have not investigated fully the political-military circumstances" under which conflict control measures succeed. This dissertation is an attempt to bridge this gap and to show how the OAU compares with the UN in carrying out peacekeeping missions. The method of research was the case study method in which primary and secondary data was used to describe the situations in which six peacekeeping forces operated. The content of resolutions, official reports and secondary data were examined for non-trivial evidences of impediments to implementation of mandates. Findings from the research indicate that peacekeeping missions not properly backed by political efforts at settlement of disputes, cooperation of the superpowers, and financial and logistic support were ineffective and usually unsuccessful. Lack of consensus and pursuit of national interests have resulted in ambiguous or unrealistic mandates and have reduced the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. Moreover, parties to a conflict were interested only in solutions that favored their interests and were often skeptical about the role and credibility of peacekeeping forces. But the continued violations of ceasefire agreements in defiance of the presence of peacekeeping forces were due partly to the force's inability to use force except in self-defense , Most of the forces operated under serious operational and logistical difficulties and they were inadequately funded. But none of the three factors has been responsible alone for the failure of peacekeeping missions. The coordination of UN operations has been better than that of the OAU. In civil war situations, national governments have requested peacekeeping forces because they could not, unaided, put down their opponents. The UN has deployed …
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
This report discusses issues related to peace in the Middle East, including post-Gulf War negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; U.S. interest in these and continuing negotiations and peacetalks between Middle Eastern countries; and the role of the U.S., the U.N., the European Union, and Russia in Middle Eastern relations.
[News Script: Israelis]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about Israeli troop returning back to their barracks after celebrating Yom Kippur, a holy Hebrew holiday and after a blitzkrieg in Leboanon smashing nests of Arab guerrillas.
The Middle East and North Africa: Political Succession and Regime Stability
This report discusses the political future of various countries in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region. A change in the leadership in these countries could significantly affect their policies toward the United States and their willingness to cooperate with the United States in achieving the stability needed to advance U.S. interests in this important region.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
This report discusses issues related to peace in the Middle East, including post-Gulf War negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; U.S. interest in these and continuing negotiations and peacetalks between Middle Eastern countries; and the role of the U.S., the U.N., the European Union, and Russia in Middle Eastern relations.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
This report discusses issues related to peace in the Middle East, including post-Gulf War negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; U.S. interest in these and continuing negotiations and peacetalks between Middle Eastern countries; and the role of the U.S., the U.N., the European Union, and Russia in Middle Eastern relations.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
This report discusses issues related to peace in the Middle East, including post-Gulf War negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; U.S. interest in these and continuing negotiations and peacetalks between Middle Eastern countries; and the role of the U.S., the U.N., the European Union, and Russia in Middle Eastern relations.
[News Script: Guerrilla movement and Heng]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.
[News Script: Israeli-Lebanon]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.
[News Script: International news bulletins]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.
The South Lebanon Army (SLA): History, Collapse, Post-Withdrawal Status
This report provides historical background on the South Lebanon Army (SLA), its collapse, and the status of its members following Israel's withdrawal.
U.S. Foreign Aid to the Middle East and North Africa: The President's FY2018 Request
This report discusses U.S. economic and security assistance to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
[News Script: Queen Elizabeth]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, covering a news story about the UN Security Council debating Israeli raids in Lebanon.
[News Script: Israeli raids]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, covering a news story about Israeli troops raiding Lebanon and attacking Palestinian guerrilla headquarters.
[News Script: Palestinian guerillas]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.
[News Script: Guerrilla]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about Israeli state radio which says that the security forces killed three Arab guerrillas at the farming settlement of Shamir near the Golan heights.
[News Script: Tamayo]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about Palestinian news agency which says that the latest guerilla raid inside Israel was quick retaliation for Israeli air raids on five Palestinian camps in Southern Lebanon.
[News Script: Middle East]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about president Nixon who begins the first leg of his trip back to Washington after spending the night at a royal guest house in Jordon.
[News Script: Briefs]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about for the fourth straight day where Israeli jets hit suspected Arab guerilla camps in Southern Lebanon.
[News Script: Mid- East]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about Israeli defense minister Peres who says that the Arabs still are not ready for peace.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
This report discusses issues related to peace in the Middle East, including post-Gulf War negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; U.S. interest in these and continuing negotiations and peacetalks between Middle Eastern countries; and the role of the U.S., the U.N., the European Union, and Russia in Middle Eastern relations.
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
This report discusses issues related to peace in the Middle East, including post-Gulf War negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; U.S. interest in these and continuing negotiations and peacetalks between Middle Eastern countries; and the role of the U.S., the U.N., the European Union, and Russia in Middle Eastern relations.
[News Script: Hijack]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Israeli officials who say that a Lebanese jetliner was diverted to Israeli's Lod International Airport under escort of two Israeli jet fighters.
[News Script: Mideast]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the Arab league nations who ended a two day meeting with agreement to give military and financial support to Lebanon and the Palestinians against Israeli attacks.
[News Script: U-N]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of the United States which has been the leader in attempts to get the United Nations to act against airlines hijackers.
[News Script: Oil Exports]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of an attempt to lure the US away from its support of Israel, Arabian countries will meet in Beirut to form a joint policy on oil exports.
[News Script: Kissinger]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of sources saying that Syria has asked Secretary of State to help hammer out an Israeli-Syrian troop engagement on the Golan Heights. Also, a Pakistani airliner who arrived in Cairo, Egypt with three gunmen who held two hostages aboard a Greek freighter in Karachi harbor.
[News Script: Arab Oil]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Saudi Arabia's foreign minister who has been quoted by a Beirut newspaper saying that the Israeli-Egyptian disengagements plan mediated by Henry Kissinger is not enough justification for lifting the Arab oil boycott.
[News Script: Mid-East]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.
[News Script: World news]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about troops in Vietnam, a fire on the carrier 'Saratoga,' Israel air raids, and the release of three terrorists.
[News Script: Israeli attacks]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about attacks on Arab guerrilla bases.
[News Script: Israel]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, covering a news story about Israeli troops raiding Lebanon and attacking Palestinian guerrilla headquarters.
[News Script: False charges]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, covering a news story about Secretary of State William Pierce Rogers telling Arab diplomats that the United States did not have a part in the Israeli raids in Lebanon.
[News Script: International briefs]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, covering international news stories in Saigon, Singapore, Beirut, and Tel Aviv.
[News Script: Middle East]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Israeli State radio which says that the chief of staff in Tel Aviv has announced that there is no chance of an agreement for the withdrawal of forces along the Suez Canal.
[News Script: Middle East]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Israeli foreign minister who announced that his country will attend the peace conference in Geneva.
[News Script: Middle East & Child Care]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of Lebanon who is requesting a meeting of the United Nations Security Council to deal with the latest incident in the Middle East. Also, about a serious accusation which was made due to mistreatment of youngsters in various child care institutions.
[News Script: Urban League & United Nations]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story of educational minority group who met at Bishop College in Dallas to coordinate a statewide attack on the problem of black personnel displacement. Also, about the United Nations Security Council who meets for urgent session to debate the latest incident in the tense Middle East.
[News Script: Israel Burials]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the Israeli military officers who say that the retaliation raids were made in Southern Lebanon to blow up homes belonging to Arab guerilla sympathizers.
[News Script: Arab Attack]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the state department who brands as brutal and senseless killing when the Arab terrorist attacked on an Israeli border town across the line from Lebanon.
[News Script: Mideast & Israel]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the Syria president who says that he is willing to exchange war prisoners with Israel. Also, Israel invasion troops who departed from the last of their occupied Egyptian territory.
[News Script: Mideast]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the Syrian command who says Israeli and Syrian forces have plunged into another day of heavy ground fighting, tank duels and artillery exchanges on the Golan heights.
[News Script: Beirut]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about an Israeli jet fighter plane which went down over time Golan heights front.
[News Script: Middle East]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about a broadcast which says that Syria no longer recognizes middle east ceasefire and Syria now considers itself at war with Israel.
[News Script: Kissinger Mission]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the State Secretary Kissinger who returned to Jerusalem from Cairo for more negotiations aimed at disengaging Syria and Israeli troops along the Golan Heights.
[News Script: Mid East Fighting]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about Israeli planes which are struck in village in Lebanon.
[News Script: Mideast]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about rumblings of a new middle East war which were voiced in Lebanon.
[News Script: Israeli raids]
Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about Israeli planes which were raided suspected guerrilla targets in southern Lebanon twice.
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