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- Corrosion Studies in Simulated N-Reactor Secondary System Water Environment
- Report containing the procedures and results of tests made to determine the corrosion resistance of materials in a simulation of Hanford Laboratories' N-Reactor secondary system water environment.
- Corrosion Studies of Ternary Zirconium Alloys in High-Temperature Water and Steam
- Report concerning the corrosion of several ternary zirconium alloys using distilled water at 350 degrees Celsius or ssteam heated to 540 degrees Celsius and 600 psi.
- Cosmic Ray Produced Ar37 and Ar39 Activities in Recently Fallen Meteorites
- Several methods of determining meteorite ages depend ages upon nuclides formed by cosmic ray interactions. The tactic assumption is always made that the intensity of cosmic radiation does not vary in time or space. However it is known that the intensity of cosmic radiation at the earth varies with the solar activity. The spectrum of cosmic ray protons and alpha particles exhibit a marked drop at the low energy end (<1.5 GeV) and the intensity in the region appears to follow the 11 year cycle of solar activity. The low energy cosmic rays increase in intensity with a decrease in solar activity. These changes in cosmic ray intensities are generally attributed to a modulation of the galactic cosmic radiation by the magnetic fields associated with the outward streaming solar material, the solar wind. One would therefore expect that the cosmic ray intensity several astronomical units from the sun is greater than the intensity at the earth's orbit, particularly at the low energy end of the spectrums.
- Cosmic Rays From Large Supernovae
- The theory of the hydrodynamic origin of cosmic rays proposed by Johnson and the author (Colgate) has developed to the point where the final evolution of a star to the supernova instability and subsequent explosion can be described with sufficient detail such that cosmic rays with appropriate intensity, composition, and spectrum to account for observations are a logical and necessary result. In the first publication it was pointed out that nuclei in the surface of the star may acquire many orders or magnitude more than the average energy per particle released in the explosion because of the large ratio of matter density between the core and the outer mantle. A shock from a sudden pressure increase in the core intensifies as it advances into lower-density material, thereby imparting extreme relativistic energies to the outermost layers. The shock wave was assumed on the basis that the observed explosion occurred in a time short compared to the traversal time of sound across the dimensions of the star. It was argued without proof that an adiabatic process would be inconsistent with the accepted gravitational instability as the trigger mechanism. In an attempt to confirm this supposition we extend the hydrodynamic calculations to describe in detail the initial gravitational unstable collapse of a highly evolved massive star as first predicted by Burbidge et al.
- Cosmogenic Carbon-14 and Chlorine-36 in Meteorites
- In 1947 Bauer, and later independently Huntley (1948), pointed out that the helium content of iron meteorites as measured by Paneth and coworkers could be accounted for by the accumulation through cosmic-ray production rather then the decay of uranium and thorium. Bauer (1947) also predicted that the meteroitic helium should contain a significant proportion of He3. I was realized that by studying the effects of cosmic radiation on meteorites much could be learned about the history of meteorite and cosmic radiation. Chemical and instrumental techniques have been developed for the isolation, purification, and measurement of cosmic-ray-induced C14 in both stone and iron meteorites. The isolation of carbon from the silicate materials is done by fusion in an oxidizing flux in a vacuum system. From the iron meteorites the carbon is recovered by the decomposition of the metal in nitric acid in a closed system.
- Cost-Benefit Study of Selected Products in Atomic Energy Commission's Low-Dose Food Irradiation Program
- From foreword: This report presents findings and conclusions from a study of prospective costs and benefits of selected products within the AEC low-dose food irradiation program.
- Cost Estimation for Nuclear Reprocessing Plants : a Comparison of Methods
- A comparison of methods of capital cost estimation used for nuclear fuel reprocessing plants shows that, because of the special nature and complexity of such plants, cost estimation methods for conventional chemical plants involving the use of cost factors are not applicable and will give low estimates. Cost factors which are available from other countries where reprocessing plants are installed should be used with caution since those factors apply only for the particular design philosophy used and pertain to industrial conditions which are different in this county. Capital cost estimation methods involving direct take-offs from detailed design drawings are necessary to obtain reliable estimates. The methods of estimating operating costs for nuclear reprocessing and conventional chemical plants are similar.
- Cost Study of a 100-Mw(e) Direct-Cycle Boiling Water Reactor Plant
- Report issued by the Argonne national Laboratory discussing a technical and economic evaluation of a direct-cycle light-water boiling reactor designed for natural circulation and internal steam-water separation. The reference 100-Mw(e) reactor power plant design evolved from the study should have the best chance (compared to similar plants) of approaching the 8 to 9 mill/kwh total power-cost level. This report includes tables, and illustrations.
- Crater Measurements
- From abstract: Based upon the results of Project Pre-Schooner new cratering curves for basalt have been developed. The deepest detonation Charlie, produced a mound of broken rock and earth that had a crater-like depression in its center entirely above the preshot ground surface.
- Cratering Experience With Chemical And Nuclear Explosives
- Over the past 13 years a considerable body of data on explosive cratering has been developed for application to nuclear excavation projects. These data were obtained from some ten cratering programs using chemical explosives (TNT or nitromethane) and seven nuclear cratering detonations. The types of media studied have ranged from marine muck to hard, dry basalt, although most effort has been devoted to craters in NTS desert alluvium and basalt. Considerable effort has also been devoted to the study with chemical explosives of the use of linear explosives and rows of point charges. This paper is intended to be a summary of these data and a statement of the understanding which has been developed from them.
- Craters From Four Equal Charges in a Horizontal Square Array
- Craters were observed resulting from square arrays of 64-pound charges at various spacings and depths. The closest spacings yielded craters very like those from single 256-pound charges, while wider spacings yielded craters more or less square in shape and with a mound or pier at the center. Generally, the areas so uncovered were greater than for single 256-pound charges, except for very deep charges. Volumes, too, were enhanced by this configuration by as much as a factor of three. If the same factor is maintained for nuclear charges, the cost per unit volume of a crater from such an array will be within 20 percent of that for a single charge.
- Creep and Drying Shrinkage of Lightweight and Normal-Weight Concretes
- From Scope of Investigation: "The work reported here is part of a continuing program concerning the long-term volume changes in concretes made from lightweight and normal-weight aggregates. The creep, drying-shrinkage, and strength data presented are for concretes made with 24 expanded shale lightweight aggregates and 5 natural, normal-weight aggregates. These aggregates were from widely separated geographical locations and were to be representative samples of aggregates being used in the production of structural concretes."
- Criteria for Evaluating Hazards Involved in Proposed Tests On and/or Modifications To the SM-1
- Abstract: This technical report elucidates principles of hazards evaluation. The concept of hazards potential is introduced and utilized to show how a reactor system perturbation will influence its nuclear safety. Literature relating to reactor safety is referenced to provide the sources of information required for hazards analysis and show how they influence a hazards evaluation. A checklist of items which should be considered in evaluating a change, test, or modification is presented.
- Critical Experiments on Slightly Enriched Uranium Metal Fuel Elements in Graphite Lattices
- Abstract: A series of clean critical experiments was performed in the SGR critical facility utilizing 2 wt % enriched, uranium metal, hollow cylinder, fuel elements, in AGOT graphite moderator.
- Critical Mass Studies of Plutonium Solutions
- Chain reacting conditions for plutonium nitrate in water solution have been examined experimentally for a variety of sizes of spheres and cylinders.
- Critical Path Scheduling in Maintenance
- Summary: The following narrative interspersed with figures and attached reference exhibits is designed to acquaint the reader with the scheduling procedure developed at ORGDP, trial results and evaluation, subsequent improvement, further application, and use in conjunction with our IBM 7090 Computer.
- Critical Path Scheduling of ETR and MTR Reactor Shutdowns
- Report describing a method for planning shutdown projects and scheduling the manpower to shut down Materials Testing Reactors (MTR) and Engineering Test Reactors (ETR).
- Critical Pressure Ratio for a Nozzle with Two-Phase Fog Flow
- In many cases of analysis of two-phase flow in systems, considerable computation or program time could be saved if the critical pressures ratio were known. If a reservoir or plenum pressure is fixed, the usual computational procedure involves the assumption of several critical pressures and the generation of several momentum terms to find the applicable critical pressure ratio and thereby the critical flow. The formulation of an equation of state make it possible to compute critical pressure ratios directly.
- A Critical Survey of Neutron Cross Sections
- From introductory paragraphs: "The central problems in neutron research are the understanding of nuclear structure and the study of the properties of nuclear particles, particularly the properties of the neutron. The most fruitful attack on these problems is the determination of the probability of interactions between neutrons and nuclei, i.e., the measurement of neutron cross sections. Ideally, this involves the study of all possible types of neutron interaction with all available nuclei at all neutron energies...The discussion in this paper will omit the interactions leading to neutron productions, and will be limited to the intersections of neutrons with stable nuclei."
- Critical Tests for PRT Reactor
- This document authorizes the performance in accordance with the specifications noted, the PRTR Critical Tests described herein. The experiments described have the following objectives:
- Criticality-Accident Dosimetry Studies
- Experiments were carried out to (1) explore possibilities for developing a less expensive device than the Hurst threshold detector unit (TDU) for monitoring possible accidental critical reactions in uranium-processing facilities, (2) to study the precision and accuracy of the TDU, and (3) to evaluate the ORNL film badge in mixed neutron-gama radiation fields.
- Cross Sections of 14.5 Mev Neutron Reactions With Special Interest in Ca47 Formation
- This report measures the cross sections of isotopes for 14.5 MeV neutrons and compares the author's results with calculated and existing literature values.
- "Crud" Scrubbing with a Purex-Type Zebra Cartridge
- Entrained solids have in the past been one of the major factors limiting solvent extraction fission product decontamination. These solids are known to be surface active, to absorb fission products, and to form interfacial films or "cruds". A major step in eliminating these cruds was taken when the Purex columns were modified to operate with the interfaces at the waste ends of the columns rather than the product ends. This type of operation tended to flush the solids out with the waste rather than the product streams.
- Crude Oil: Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects: The Petroleum World
- Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing qualitative and quantitative aspects of the petroleum industry. As stated in the introduction, "the purpose of this report is to present authoritative qualitative data from many sources in such a manner as to form an authentic and understandable picture of crude oil as we know it today. The qualitative facts will be augmented by some semi-quantitative data to provide a somewhat broader perspective" (p. 2). This report includes tables, and illustrations.
- A Cryostat for Temperature Control in the Range from Ambient to - 150 degrees C
- This note describes a simple cryostatic device, which, by utilizing the latent heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen, enables accurate control of temperature between ambient and - 150 degrees C. The advantages of this cryostat over other models known are simplicity of design and operation, ability to operate accurately from ambient to - 150 degrees C, economy, and large working space.
- Crystal Structure of a Sodium Cobalt Molybdate
- The cobalt and molybdenum positions had been derived from a three-dimensional Patterson function based on complete data out to λ-1 sin θMo≈ 1. From the separation of the separation of the Mo atoms it was thought that the structure contained free, unlinked MoO4 -2 ions, and this, together with the observed density and analyses for Co and Mo, suggested that the composition was probably Co2(MoO4)3. The paucity of structural information on complex oxide systems and the interesting properties, both structural and physical, of such systems prompted the present, detailed refinement of the structure. The result is more complicated and more interesting than had been anticipated: from the analysis of the X-ray data the compound is found to be NaCo2.31(MoO4)3, and this composition is consistent with chemical analyses. The structure shows several interesting features, including the partial occupancy of cobalt atoms in two independent CoO6 octahedral sites. In one arrangement of CoO6 octahedra there is the not too common face sharing to form infinite columns; in the other arrangement a zig-zag sheet, as far as we know differing from anything thus far reported, is formed by the sharing of edges and corners.
- Crystal Structure Of B 'Cu0.75Al0.25
- The problem of crystal structure of the martensitic B1 phase of the eutectic alloy in the Cu-Al system still requires a more accurate clarification (Hun ger and Dienst 1960, Tarora 1949). Martensitic phases in general are formed through small thrust (shear) deformations of the original lattice. On this basis the results of Hunger and Dienst (1960) are doubtful, since the lattice constants found by them have required a considerable reclassification. From the known lattice constants of the B1 phase (Tarora, 1949) and the orientation relationships of the B1 phase (Wassermann, 1934) one has expected a hexagonal lattice for the martensitic phase with [formula].
- The Crystal Structure of Bis(Meta-Chlorobenzoyl) Methane
- Technical report. From Abstract : "The crystal structure of bis(meta-chlorobenzoyl) methane has been determined by three dimensional anisotropic least squares refinement of scintillation counter data. The molecule was found to be nearly planar with a maximum deviation from the least squares molecular plane of 0.068Ã… and an average deviation of 0.023Ã…. Fourier transform techniques to locate phenyl rings provided the key to the structure determination. The intramolecular bond distances and thermal parameters of the oxygen atoms support a resonant, enol ring with a symmetric, intramolecular hydrogen bond. The structure confirms conslusions from the structure of bis(meta-bromobenzoyl) methane where the symmetry of the molecule was forced by the crystal symmetry."
- Crystal Structure of Bis (Meta-Chlorobenzoyl) Methane
- Technical report. From Abstract : "The determination of the crystal structure of bis(meta-chlorobenzoyl)-methane was undertaken by x-ray methods in an effort to clarify the ambiguous position of the hydrogen atom on the enolic form of β - diketones and hence in intramolecular hydrogen bonds."
- The Crystal Structure of Bismuth Subchloride
- Technical report. From Abstract : "The stoichiometric formula of the lower chloride in the BiCl3-Bi system has been established as Bi12Cl14 (BiCl1.167) through a dingle crystal, X-ray determination of its structure. ... Previous studies of the Bi-Cl3-Bi system are re-examined in the light of the structural results."
- The Crystal Structure Of Cobalt Sulfate Hexahydrate
- Calorimetric measurements by Rao and Giauque (1960) showed some unaccountable residual entropy in crystals of [formula] at low temperatures. We have investigated the crystal structure in search of an explanation of the disorder. The resulting structure offers no possibility of disordered rings of hydrogen bonds such as were found in [formula], nor do we find any other explanation of the entropy discrepancy.
- The Crystal Structure of LiCuCl3-2H2O*
- This report undertakes research to study LiCuCl3-2H2O is from a structural standpoint, revealing the oxygen positions. The study uses the Levy-Bussing anisotropic temperature factor treatment and least squares program to determine a discrepancy factor for the visually determined intensities. The structure of the molecule is also found to have interesting magnetic properties which has inspired a new study at Brookhaven.
- Crystal Structure Of Propionic Acid
- The crystal structures of the normal fatty acids of low molecular weight have been rather neglected until recently. Formic acid and acetic acid occur in the solid as hydrogen-bonded linear polymers, while several acids with eleven or more carbon atoms per molecule exist in the solid as dimers. The melting points of these acids, when plotted against number of carbon atoms, fall on two rather similar curves for even and odd numbers of carbon atoms, respectively, each with a minimum near five carbon atoms. These facts and hope of explaining the melting-point behavior led us to examine the structures of propionic and butyric acid crystals. These crystals have different structures, but both contain dimers.
- Crystalline Field Splittings in Holmium and Dysprosium Ethylsulfates
- From report : "It has become apparent that pragmatic resonance data alone are insufficient to correctly evaluate crystal field parameters for rare-earth ethylsulfates, and that heat capacity data above 20°K are a useful aid in determining whether low lying levels obtained by absorption spectroscopy have been correctly identified."
- Crystallography of Some of the Transition Element Beryllides
- A crystallographic study of the transition element beryllides was undertaken in support of phase diagram work. These beryllides are very high melting, and the use of ordinary methods make it difficult to determine stoichiometry. We have succeeded in establishing the compositions and complete crystal structure description of all of the room temperature stable or metastable compounds of the beryllides of niobium, tantalum, titanium zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, chromium and molybdenum. Since some of the structures found were not previously reported, complete structure determinations had to be done.
- Cubic Spline, a Curve Fitting Routine
- A method of mathematically fitting a curve through a given ordered set of points has been developed and programmed in fortran computer language.
- Cumulative Bibliography of Literature Examine by the Radiation Shielding Information Center
- This bibliography represents the first cumulative edit of the literature examined by the Radiation Shielding Information Center recently established at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Its two major sections consist of a list of documents by subject category and of an author index. The document list covers nine major subjects with a total of 118 categories; however, literature specimens have not yet been entered for all categories. If a document applies to more than one category, it is listed under each. The author index includes cross references to the categories under which each author's publications appear. Preceding the bibliography is a list of the subject categories, their corresponding category numbers and the pages on which they appear in the bibliography,
- The Cumulative Binomial Distribution Computer
- Acknowledgement: The cumulative Binomial Distribution Computer incorporates valuable suggestions made by supervision and members of the Sandia Corporation Reliability Department.
- Cumulative Radiation Effects of Sexual Reproduction in Pine and Oak
- The sexual reproductive ability of a forest exposed to low level ionizing radiation is dependent on the sensitivity of primordial differentiation, meiotic processes leading to the formation of gametes, fusion of the gametes, and subsequent growth of the sporophytic generations. In this report it was shown that the initiation of reproductive primordia in Pinus rigida, Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus alba and Quercus coccinea is not unusually sensitive to irradiation. Trees which had been severely damaged by chronic low level ionizing radiation (4 to 12 r/20 hr day) were able to differentiate floral structures and produce viable seed. However, flower phenology was retarded, and pronounced morphological aberrations were present. It is suggested that this delay may be the result of a reduction of endogenous growth substances.
- The Cumulus and Meteorological Events of the Florida Peninsula During a Particular Summertime Period: Cloud Refractive Index Studies IIIA
- The cumulus cloud events of the Florida peninsula that were observed during a 19-day period of photoreconnaissance in August and September 1957 are described and illustrated. The associated meteorological and rainfall events are also described and the intercorrelations among the various observations are pointed out. The study findings revealed that the principal factors governing the cloud and rainfall situations of the different days were (1) the low-level advection of water vapor into the peninsula from the oceanic surroundings, (2) the wind transport, into the heated peninsula from the oceans during the daytime, of pre -existing cumulus populations containing appreciable liquid water, (3) the low-level convergence, and associated updraft motion, engendered by the synoptic situation and the peninsula sea breezes, and (4) the precipitable water content of the lower Florida air mass. (Author)
- Current Beryllium Literature : A Selected Bibliography, August 1959 - December 1969
- "This bibliography lists selected books, articles, and unclassified reports which have appeared in the following abstracts and indexes between August 1959 and December 1960."
- Current-Carrying Capacity and Transition State of Superconducting Solenoids
- Montgomery and Chandrasekhar and Hulm suggested models for predicting Im and Hm of high-field superconducting solenoids. Montgomery's model for predicting the degradation effect of superconducting solenoids leads to a unique coil quenching characteristics if geometrically similar solenoids are considered. Experiments do not verify these predicted results. Chandrasekhar and Hulm's model leads to one unique coil quenching characteristic for all solenoids with identical wire type and turn distance; coils with identical load factor should display identical values im and Hm. An analysis of the surface currents in an ideal superconducting infinitely long solenoid demonstrated possible forms of shielding currents. Experiments with Pb coils with and without NbZr and compensation agree with results expected from this analysis, but contradict Chandrasekhar and Hulm's model. Measurements of individual turn resistances show behavior of a soft superconductor solenoid in the intermediate state.
- Current Status Of Curium Inhalation Exposures In Humans
- An incident is described concerning a curium accelerator target aerolized by explosion. Management of the spill, sampling, particle sizing, and medical findings are presented. Seven of the 27 persons present showed low levels of curium excretion. The data from this incident were compared with those from three other inhalation exposures to curium compounds at Lawrence Laboratory.
- Current Studies of Fission Product Behavior at BNL
- Programs are under way at Brookhaven National Laboratory to study the behavior of fission products released from reactor fuel materials. Major emphasis has been placed on fission product iodine because of the physiological hazard associated with the I131 isotope. A complete reactor safety analysis, considering either a slow or rapid release of fission products, requires a knowledge of the chemical and physical states of the fission products during release, the extent of their release, and an understanding of their chemical interactions with the reactor environment.
- Current-Switching Circuitry
- This paper discusses a group of high-speed switching circuits using the basic current-switching mode of operation. The first part of the paper presents a dynamic analysis of the basic current-switching mode and the second part is the dynamic and steady-state analysis of a current-switching flip-flop.
- Curves of Input Impedance Change Due to Ground for Dipole Antennas
- Report presenting graphs of the change in input impedance of electrically short dipole antennas in the presence of an isotropic and homogeneous ground which considers four types of antennas: horizontal and vertical, electric and magnetic dipoles. Curves of the change in both the input resistance and reactance are shown for a wide range of values of the frequency, antenna height above the ground, and electromagnetic ground constants.
- Cyclotrons
- The structure and operation of cyclotrons are discussed. Factors limiting cyclotron size and energy are given. Improvements to the basic continuous-wave cyclotron are described, including frequency modulation, strong focusing, and variable-energy facilities.
- Cytochemistry of Delayed Radionecrosis of the Murine Spinal Cord
- In the vast field of radiation pathology we find pathologists, anatomists, and even physiologists busily at work, but the radiobiologist is conspicuously absent, although, according to Zirkle (1959), this field is clearly within his domain. Perhaps it is wise to take this broad hint of the scientifically so well equipped radiobiologist and to stay clear from an area in which an incalculable array of variables makes clearcut experimentation a hopeless venture, a priori. Perhaps it would be better if the pathologist, who must study pertinent material, restricts himself humbly to the recording of his observations, refraining from any attempt at interpretation. On the other hand, since seemingly audacious speculation has borne fruit in the past and the value of the information that results, if the speculation proves to be correct, is worth many times the effort, there is obvious justification for a thesis on the mechanism of delayed radionecrosis.
- Darex Process: Processing of Stainless Steel-Containing Reactor Fuels with Dilute Aqua Regia
- From abstract: "The Darex process developed for the recovery of uranium from stainless steel-containing reactor fuels consists of three steps: (1) dissolution of the fuel material in dilute aqua regia, (2) removal of chloride from the solution to prevent corrosion of downstream stainless steel process equipment, and (3) adjustment of the nitrate solution to solvent extraction feed conditions."
- Data Book: Physical Properties and Flow Characteristics of Air
- Data book to used as an aid in calculations on physical properties and flow characteristics of air.