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Intelligence Implications of the Military Technical Revolution
The availability of precise, real-time intelligence has been an integral part of a military technical revolution being implemented by the Department of Defense for post-Cold War conflicts and peacekeeping operations. Providing this intelligence requires new types of equipment, analysis and organizational relationships within the U.S. intelligence community.
The National Guard, State Defense Forces, And the Militias: Official and Unofficial Status
This short report discusses the differences between state militias (e.g. state Army National Guard and Air National Guard units), state military forces with no federal connections, and private organizations that claim to be state militias but which are not sanctioned by the state.
U. N. Development Program: A Fact Sheet
The U.N. Development Program (UNDP) coordinates and provides funding for most U.N. development assistance programs. In FY1994, the U.S. contribution of $116 million made the United States the largest donor, comprising about 12 percent of the agency's budget.
Biological Diversity Treaty: Fact Sheet
As human activity continues to change and modify natural areas, widespread extinctions of plants, animals, and other types of species result. In 1992, negotiations conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) were completed on a comprehensive global treaty to protect biological diversity (biodiversity). In June 1993, President Clinton signed the treaty and sent it to the Senate for advice and consent. It is not pending in the Senate. The treaty entered into force on December 29, 1993. As of May 15, 1995, 118 nations had ratified the treaty.
Haiti: Efforts to Restore President Aristide, 1991-1994
This report tracks the efforts to restore to office President Aristide of Haiti between the years 1991-1994. During this period, the main U.S. foreign policy concern was the restoration of the democratic process to Haiti. Closely related to this was the issue of Haitians attempting to flee to the United States by boat. Congressional concerns focused on human rights, Haitian migration, socioeconomic conditions, and drug trafficking.
Conventional Arms Transfers: President Clinton's Policy Directive
President Clinton released details of his Conventional Arms Transfer Policy on February 17, 1995, which are embodied in Presidential Decision Directive 34 (PDD-34). The President's action followed several months of internal debate and discussion by the Clinton Administration, the first detailed examination of conventional arms transfer policy since the Cold War's end.
The Unconstitutionality of State Congressional Term Limits
On May 22, 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (Sup. Ct. Doc. No. 93-1456) in a 5-4 decision held that Arkansas' constitutional amendment, Section 3 of Amendment 73, providing for limitations on congressional terms of office was unconstitutional in that it established an additional qualification for congressional office in violation of Article I, Sections 2 and 3 setting forth the three basic qualifications of age, citizenship and inhabitancy for Members of Congress.
The U.S. Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934
In 1915, the United States undertook a military occupation of Haiti to preempt any European intervention, to establish order out of civil strife, and to stabilize Haitian finances. During the nineteen-year occupation, U.S. military and civilian officials, numbering less than 2500 for the most part, supervised the collection of taxes and the disbursement of revenues, maintained public order, and initiated a program of public works. The Haitian government remained in place, but was subject to U.S. guidance. The Haitian people benefitted from the end of endemic political violence and from the construction of roads, bridges, and ports as well as from improved access to health care. The U.S. occupation was, nonetheless, deeply resented throughout Haitian society, and many of its accomplishments did not long endure its termination in 1934.
Multiple-Group Federal Credit Unions: An Update
No Description Available.
Tracking Current Federal Legislation and Regulations: A Guide to Basic Sources
This report is a guide to basic sources useful in tracking federal legislation and regulations. It has been prepared primarily for the use of constituents who wish to follow the federal government's legislative or regulatory activities at the local level. Brief annotations for the selected printed, telephone, electronic, and related sources describe their scope, focus, and frequency, include publisher contact information, and provide Internet addresses where available.
The Kurds in Iraq : Status, Protection, and Prospects
No Description Available.
The Expanded Threat Reduction Initiative for the Former Soviet Union: Administration Proposals for FY2000
No Description Available.
Omnibus Patent Reform: An Overview of H.R. 400
No Description Available.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Proposed Amendment on Uniform Disciplinary Policies
This report discusses the arguments for and against the amendments adoption and analyzes the legal implications of the proposed amendment.
Health Care Reform : The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program
This report provides a brief overview of FEHBP under current law and brief descriptions of proposed changes to the existing program included in various bills introduced in the 103rd Congress.
Small, High Tech Companies and Their Role in the Economy: Issues in the Reauthorization of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program
No Description Available.
Prison Litigation Reform Act: An Overview
No Description Available.
Defense Research: A Primer on the Department of Defense’s Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) Program
This report describes the basic elements and issues of the Department of Defense's (DOD) Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) Program. It defines basic activities supported by the program, presents budget trends, discusses the management of program, and describes the infrastructure in which the program is implemented. This report is for staff new to the area of defense research and for senior staff interested in historical trends.
Indonesia: May 1998 Political Crisis and Implications for U.S. Policy
No Description Available.
Electricity Restructuring Background: The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992
No Description Available.
Social Security: Recommendations of the 1994-1996 Advisory Council on Social Security
No Description Available.
NATO: Congress Addresses Expansion of the Alliance
No Description Available.
Affirmative Action: Recent Congressional and Presidential Activity
This report discusses how the Clinton administration has handled affirmative action policies. According to the report, the Clinton administration opposed efforts to terminate affirmative action and has instead suggested reforms.
The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Effects on Prices, Smoking Behavior, and Income Distribution
No Description Available.
Alternative Trading Systems: Will Computers Replace Stock Exchanges?
This report consists of alternative trading systems: Will Computers Replace Stock Exchanges?
Crop Insurance and Risk Management: Provisions in the Enacted 1996 Farm Bill
No Description Available.
U.N . Regular Budget Funding : Issues for Congress
No Description Available.
Federal Regulation of Working Hours: An Overview Through the 105th Congress
No Description Available.
"Digital Era Copyright Enhancement Act": Analysis of H.R. 3048
No Description Available.
Credit Provisions of the Enacted 1996 Farm Bill
No Description Available.
Current Social Security Issues
Social Security is the focus of intense public interest. Projected long-range funding problems, public skepticism about its future, and a growing perception that Social Security will not be as good a value for future retirees as it is today are fueling calls for reform. This report discusses a number of the major Social Security issues currently drawing congressional attention.
Turkmenistan: Basic Facts
This report is about the basic facts about turkmenistan.
One Million Personal Bankruptcies a Year: Economic Implications and Policy Options
This report examines various explanations for the rapid rise in personal bankruptcy filings in the United States since 1980, the economic significance of the phenomenon, and policy options. This discussion and analysis provide a background for consideration of legislation before the 105th Congress ( H.R. 3150 and S. 1301), which proposes to reform the consumer bankruptcy process.
Military Interventions by U.S. Forces from Vietnam to Bosnia: Background, Outcomes, and “Lessons Learned” for Kosovo
No Description Available.
Supplemental Appropriations for FY1999: Central America Disaster Aid, Middle East Peace, and Other Initiatives
No Description Available.
Statutory Modifications of the Application of NEPA
From time to time, Congress has considered the operation of the National Environmental Policy Act. While Congress has amended the statute itself only twice since its enactment, Congress has often enacted provisions that modify the application of the Act or specify the extent of the documents that need be prepared in particular instances or contexts. This report collects and lists examples of such provisions.
Russia: Primakov’s Economic Policy Dilemma and U.S. Interests
This report focuses on two divergent scenarios faced by Russia in the wake of its financial crisis of August 1998. Prime Minister Yevgenii Primakov expected either a vicious cycle of decline and possible collapse in government or an economic management scenario following outlines of an agreed action program that makes imperative fundamental changes in the Russian financial system. The success or failure of Russia in dealing with this crisis may have more effect on the pursuit of peace and prosperity by the United States than any other foreign policy crisis.
Copyright Term Extension: Estimating the Economic Values
This report considers proposals to extend the duration of copyrights by 20 years (as in H.R. 2589 and other bills) and related proposals to charge a fee to the owners in order to receive the extension. The method of analysis is economic rather than legal. The report reviews the basic economic principals involved in copyright law and gives rough estimates of the value of copyrights on books, music, and movies produced in the 1920s and 1930s — those that would be most immediately affected by an extension of copyright terms.
Tax Issues: National Public Opinion
This report provides a sample of public opinion questions concerning the current tax system, the Internal Revenue Service, and proposals for tax reform. It will be updated as new poll results become available. The report is for the use of Members as they consider legislation currently before the 105 Congress.
Nicaragua: Changes Under the Chamorro Government and U.S. Concerns
CRS Report of congress regarding the changes under the chamarro government and U.S concerns.
The Kodak-Fuji Film Case at the WTO and the Openness of Japan’s Film Market
No Description Available.
The National Guard, State Defense Forces, and the Militias: Official and Unofficial Status
No Description Available.
Kinship Care for Children: Basic Facts
No Description Available.
Mercosur: Formation, Status, Trade Effects, Policy Challenges, and U.S. Interests
This report examines Mercosur, the third largest preferential trading group in the world. Since its inception in 1991, Mercosur has made considerable progress in integrating the economies of its members. The integration --- an almost complete free trade area and a partial customs union --- has been accompanied by a significant increase in U.S. exports and investment to the region. In the future, Mercosur face challenges affecting the size of its membership, the depth of its integration, and the strength of its institutions.
Tobacco Marketing and Advertising Restrictions in S. 1415, 105th Congress: First Amendment Issues
No Description Available.
Housing Issues in the 105th Congress
This report provides an overview of the housing issues in the 105th congress.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Reform: Past Solutions, Current Proposals
No Description Available.
Banking Acquisition and Merger Procedures
This report discusses in general terms the basic process and time line for banking industry acquisitions and mergers and briefly discusses the May 4, 1998 application by Travelers Group to merge with Citicorp.
Intelligence Collection Platforms: Satellites, Manned Aircraft, and UAVs
No Description Available.
Legislative Procedure for Disapproving the Renewal of China’s Most-Favored-Nation Status
No Description Available.
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