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500 MW demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO{sub x}) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Third quarterly progress report, 1992: Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT)
The project provides a stepwise retrofit of an advanced overfire air (AOFA) system followed by low NO{sub x} burners (LNB). During each test phase of the project, diagnostic, performance, long-term, and verification testing will be performed. These tests are used to quantify the NO{sub x} reductions of each technology and evaluate the effects of those reductions on other combustion parameters such as particulatecharacteristics and boiler efficiency. Baseline, AOFA, and LNB without AOFA test segments have been completed. Analysis of the 94 days of LNB long-term data collected show the full-load NO{sub x} emission levels to be approximately 0.65 lb/MBtu. Flyash LOI values for the LNB configuration are approximately 8 percent at full-load. Corresponding values for the AOFA configuration are 0.94 lb/MBtu and approximately 10 percent. Abbreviated diagnostic tests for the LNB+AOFA configuration indicate that at 500 MWe, NO{sub x} emissions are approximately 0.55 lb/MBtu with corresponding flyash LOI values of approximately 11 percent. For comparison, the long-term full-load, baseline NO{sub x} emission level was approximately 1.24 lb/MBtu at 5.2 percent LOI. Comprehensive testing of the LNB+AOFA configuration will be performed when the stackparticulate emissions issue is resolved. Testing of a process optimization package on Plant Hammond Unit 4 was performed during this quarter. The software was configured to minimize NO{sub x} emissions using total combustion air flow and advanced overfire air distribution as the controlled parameters. Preliminary results from this testing indicate that this package shows promise in reducing NO{sub x} emissions while maintaining or improving other boiler performance parameters.
1992 Annual performance report for Environmental Monitoring and Oversight at Department of Energy facilities in New Mexico
In October 1990 an Agreement-in-Principle (AIP) was entered into between the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the State of New Mexico for the purpose of supporting State oversight activities at DOE facilities in New Mexico. The State`s lead agency for the Agreement is the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED). DOE has agreed to provide the State with resources over a five year period to support State activities in environmental oversight, monitoring, access and emergency response to ensure compliance with applicable federal, state, and local laws at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), and the Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute (ITRI). The Agreement is designed to assure the citizens of New Mexico that public health, safety and the environment are being protected through existing programs; DOE is in compliance with applicable laws and regulations; DOE has made substantial new commitments; cleanup and compliance activities have been prioritized; and a vigorous program of independent monitoring and oversight by the State is underway. This report relates the quality and effectiveness of the facilities` environmental monitoring and surveillance programs. This report satisfies that requirement for the January--December 1992 time frame.
1992 annual report on scientific programs: A broad research program on the sciences of complexity
In 1992 the Santa Fe Institute hosted more than 100 short- and long-term research visitors who conducted a total of 212 person-months of residential research in complex systems. To date this 1992 work has resulted in more than 50 SFI Working Papers and nearly 150 publications in the scientific literature. The Institute`s book series in the sciences of complexity continues to grow, now numbering more than 20 volumes. The fifth annual complex systems summer school brought nearly 60 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to Santa Fe for an intensive introduction to the field. Research on complex systems-the focus of work at SFI-involves an extraordinary range of topics normally studied in seemingly disparate fields. Natural systems displaying complex adaptive behavior range upwards from DNA through cells and evolutionary systems to human societies. Research models exhibiting complex behavior include spin glasses, cellular automata, and genetic algorithms. Some of the major questions facing complex systems researchers are: (1) explaining how complexity arises from the nonlinear interaction of simple components; (2) describing the mechanisms underlying high-level aggregate behavior of complex systems (such as the overt behavior of an organism, the flow of energy in an ecology, the GNP of an economy); and (3) creating a theoretical framework to enable predictions about the likely behavior of such systems in various conditions.
1992 Annual Report to the National Science Foundation
The Geometry Center research program has a number of different aspects. This report documents the work of the past year. The activities described here are organized under intertwined areas: manifold geometry and associated group theory; optimal geometries; dynamical systems; and computational geometry and computer graphics.
1992 Effluent and environmental monitoring report for the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory Pittsburgh Site
The results of the radiological and non-radiological environmental monitoring programs for 1992 at the Bettis-Pittsburgh Site are presented. The results obtained from the monitoring programs demonstrate that the existing procedures ensured that environmental releases during 1992 were in accordance with applicable Federal and State regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data indicates that operation of the Laboratory continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment. A conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of Laboratory operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits established by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy.
1992 PVUSA progress report
Photovoltaics for Utility Scale Applications (PVUSA) is a national public-private partnership that is assessing and demonstrating the viability of utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) electric generating systems. This report updates the progress of the PVUSA project, reviews the status and performance of the various PV installations during 1992, and summarizes key accomplishments and conclusions from work to date.
1992 PVUSA progress report
Photovoltaics for Utility Scale Applications (PVUSA) is a national public-private partnership that is assessing and demonstrating the viability of utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) electric generating systems. This report updates the progress of the PVUSA project, reviews the status and performance of the various PV installations during 1992, and summarizes key accomplishments and conclusions from work to date. Fall PV module costs and rising environmental pressures could make PV a significant source of large-scale power within the next decade. However, utility acceptance of this technology requires knowledge of PV operational characteristics in a utility system and confidence in predicting PV performance, reliability, and economics. PVUSA consists of two types of demonstrations: Emerging Module Technologies (EMTs), which are unproven but promising state-of-the-art PV technologies in 20-kW (nominal) arrays; and Utility Scale (US) systems, which represent more mature PV technologies in 200- to 500-kW (nominal) turnkey systems.
1992 Technical Progress Report of the University of South Carolina's High Energy Physics Group
The high energy physics group at the University of South Carolina includes five teaching faculty members, one research faculty member, and five graduate students. Professors Childers and Darden devote most of their research effort to Fermilab experiment E789, which is designed to observe charmless two-body decays of b-flavored mesons and baryons. Prof. Wilson works on E789 and also on Fermilab experiment E687 which studies charm physics in the wide-band photon beam. Professors Rosenfeld and Wang participate in the AMY collaboration, which studies electron-positron interactions using the TRISTAN collider at KEK. Prof. Rosenfeld and one student collaborate with personnel from KEK and INS, Tokyo, on an experiment to detect a 17 keV neutrino in the {beta}-decay spectrum of {sup 63}Ni. Profs. Avignone and Rosenfeld are charter members of Fermilab proposal P803, which will search for the oscillation of muon neutrino to tau neutrino with sensitivity better than a factor of 40 than previously achieved. A brief discussion on the progress of each program is given.
Absolute total and one and two electron transfer cross sections for Ar{sup 8+} on Ar as a function of energy
The absolute total and one and two electron transfer cross sections for Ar{sup 8+} on Ar were measured as a function of projectile laboratory energy from 0.090 to 0.550 keV/amu. The effective one electron transfer cross section dominates above 0.32 keV/amu, while below this energy, the effective two electron transfer starts to become appreciable. The total cross section varies by a factor over the energy range explored. The overall error in the cross section measurement is estimated to be {plus_minus} 15%.
Accelerated glass reaction under PCT conditions
Static leach tests similar to PCT (Product Consistency Test) were performed for up to 2 years to assess long-term reaction behavior of high-level nuclear waste glasses similar to those at Defense Waste Processing Facility. These tests show the reaction rate to decrease with the reaction time from an initially high rate to a low rate, but then to accelerate to a higher rate after reaction times of about 1 year, depending on glass surface area/leachant volume ratio used. Solution concentrations of soluble glass components increase as the reaction is accelerated, while release of other glass components into solution is controlled by secondary phases. Net result is that transformation of glass to stable phases is accelerated while the solution becomes enriched in soluble components not effectively contained in secondary phases. Rate becomes linear in time after the acceleration and may be similar to the initial forward rate. A current model of glass reaction predicts that the glass reaction will be accelerated upon the formation of secondary phases which lower the silicic acid solution concentration. These tests show total Si concentration to increase upon reaction acceleration, however, which may be due to the slightly higher pH attained with the acceleration. The sudden change in the reaction rate is likely due to secondary phase formation. 17 refs, 2 tabs, 3 figs.
Accident information needs
A Five-step methodology has been developed to evaluate information needs for nuclear power plants under accident conditions and the availability of plant instrumentation during severe accidents. Step 1 examines the credible accidents and their relationships to plant safety functions. Step 2 determines the information personnel involved in accident management will need to understand plant behavior. Step 3 determines the capability of the instrumentation to function properly under severe accident conditions. Step 4 determines the conditions expected during the identified severe accidents. Step 5 compares the instrument capabilities and the severe accident conditions to evaluate the availability of the instrumentation to supply needed plant information.
Accrediting industrial safety training programs
There are job-specific training requirements established by regulations that Impose stringent training requirements on a contractor, for example, the Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA). Failure to comply with OSHA training requirements can result in severe penalties being levied against a company. Although an accredited training program is expensive, it is a possible solution for minimizing risks associated with job-specific training requirements for employees. Operating DOE contractors direct approximately 10 percent of the operating funds toward training activities. Training needs for contractors span a broad range, from requirements awareness training for managers, to general training required on a one-time basis for all employees, to highly specialized training programs for employees involved In clean-up operations at hazardous waste sites. With this kind of an investment in training, it is logical to maximize the most return on an investment of training funds and to limit exposure to liability suits whenever possible. This presentation will provide an overview of accredited industrial safety programs. The criteria for accredited industrial safety programs will be defined. The question of whether accredited training programs are necessary will be examined. Finally, advantages and disadvantages will be identified for accrediting industrial safety training programs.
Active imaging system with Faraday filter
This invention is comprised of an active imaging system which has a low to medium powered laser transmitter and a receiver wherein the receiver includes a Faraday filter with an ultranarrow optical bandpass and a bare (nonintensified) CCD camera. The laser is locked in the vicinity of the passband of the Faraday filter. The system has high sensitivity to the laser illumination wile eliminating solar background.
Adaptive optics for high power beam lines using diamond crystal monochromators
Preserving the high source brightness of the third generation of synchrotron radiation facilities will require that thermal and pressure deformations of the monochromator crystals be maintained within a few arc- seconds. Recent experiments at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) have demonstrated the potential of adaptive crystal optics to cope with high power densities. In this technique the crystals deformations are minimized both by an efficient water-jet cooling and by externally applied pressure loads. Thermal deformation can be reduced further with diamond crystals because of their high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion. In this paper we describe the results achieved by optimization of adaptive crystal optics for diamond crystals.
The ADRIA project for high intensity radioactive beams production
A proposal of an accelerator complex (ADRIA) for the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (LNL) is described in this report. The main components of the complex are a Heavy Ion Injection system and two rings, a Booster and a Decelerator, both with a maximum rigidity of 22.25 Tm, connected by a Transfer Line where exotic proposal has two main goals consisting in the isotopes are produced and selected. The proposal has two main goals consisting in the acceleration of stable ion species up to kinetic energies of the order of few GeV/u, at a repetition rate of 10 Hz with intensities of about 10{sup 12} ions per second, for fixed target experiments in nuclear physics and for the production of fully stripped radioactive beams, using particle fragmentation method for nuclear spectroscopy experiments. Fragments are accumulated in the Decelerator, with intensities 10{sup 8} {divided_by} 10{sup 9} ions/s, cooled and delivered at the production energies or decelerated down to energies of few MeV/u, in proximity of the Coulomb barrier.
Advanced direct coal liquefaction concepts. Quarterly report, October 1, 1992--December 31, 1992
During the first quarter of FY 1993, the Project proceeded close to the Project Plan. The analysis of the feed material has been completed as far as possible. Some unplanned distillation was needed to correct the boiling range of the Black Thunder solvent used during the autoclave tests. Additional distillation will be required if the same solvent is to be used for the bench unit tests. A decision on this is still outstanding. The solvent to be used with Illinois No. 6 coal has not yet been defined. As a result, the procurement of the feed and the feed analysis is somewhat behind schedule. Agglomeration tests with Black Thunder coal indicates that small agglomerates can be formed. However, the ash removal is quite low (about 10%), which is not surprising in view of the low ash content of the coal. The first series of autoclave tests with Black Thunder coal was completed as planned. Also, additional runs are in progress as repeats of previous runs or at different operating conditions based on the data obtained so far. The results are promising indicating that almost complete solubilization (close to 90%) of Black Thunder coal can be achieved in a CO/H{sub 2}O environment at our anticipated process conditions. The design of the bench unit has been completed. In contrast to the originally planned modifications, the bench unit is now designed based on a computerized control and data acquisition system. All major items of equipment have been received, and prefabrication of assemblies and control panels is proceeding on schedule. Despite a slight delay in the erection of the structural steel, it is anticipated that the bench unit will be operational at the beginning of April 1993.
Advanced liquefaction using coal swelling and catalyst dispersion techniques. Quarterly technical progress report, January--March 1992
Research in this project centers upon developing a new approach to the direct liquefaction of coal to produce an all-distillate product slate at a sizable cost reduction over current technology. The approach integrates all aspects of the coal liquefaction process including coal selection, pretreatment, coal swelling with catalyst impregnation, coal liquefaction experimentation, product recovery with characterization. alternate bottoms processing, and a technical assessment including an economic evaluation. The Department of Energy has not yet authorized starting the experimental aspects of this and other similar projects; specifically, approval of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements. A set of coal samples were sent to Hazen Research for beneficiation so that experimentation can get underway after DOE has approved the document.
Advanced liquefaction using coal swelling and catalyst dispersion techniques. Quarterly technical progress report, July--September 1992
The experimental study of coal swelling ratios have been determined with a wide variety of solvents. Only marginal levels of coal swelling were observed for the hydrocarbon solvents, but high levels were found with solvents having heteroatom functionality. Blends were superior to pure solvents. The activity of various catalyst precursors for pyrene hydrogenation and coal conversion was measured. Higher coal conversions were observed for the S0{sub 2}-treated coal than the raw coal, regardless of catalyst type. Coal conversions were highest for Molyvan-L, molybdenum naphthenate, and nickel octoate, respectively. Bottoms processing consists of a combination of the ASCOT process coupling solvent deasphalting with delayed coking. Initial results indicate that a blend of butane and pentane used near the critical temperature of butane is the best solvent blend for producing a yield/temperature relationship of proper sensitivity and yet retaining an asphalt phase of reasonable viscosity. The literature concerning coal swelling, both alone and in combination with coal liquefaction, and the use of dispersed or unsupported catalysts in coal liquefaction has been updated.
Advanced liquefaction using coal swelling and catalyst dispersion techniques. Quarterly technical progress report, October--December 1992
The evaluation of various catalyst pre or pyrene coal conversion continued. Higher coal conversions were observed for the S0{sub 2}-treated coal than the raw coal, regardless of catalyst type. Coal conversions were highest for Molyvan-L, molybdenum naphthenate, and nickel octoate. A technique to measure the effect of coal swelling and catalyst impregnation upon coal liquefaction has been developed, and experimentation is under way. Reactivity tests have been performed using S0{sub 2}-treated and untreated swelled Black Thunder Coal. Thermal reactions with swelled coals yielded much less coal conversion and pyrene conversion than did the swelled coal reactions with Molyvan-L. The study of bottoms processing consists of coupling solvent deasphalting with delayed coking to maximize the production of coal-derived liquids while rejecting solids within the coke drum. The batch deasphalting screening tests have been completed. While n-butane/pentane solvent blends initially appeared best, pentane alone at 380{degree}F provided an oil yield (63.6 wt%) that was desired for subsequent tests. The production of asphalt for the transport tests is underway. The target deasphalted oil yields are 40, 50 and 60 wt% of feed. This would produce asphalt with ash levels ranging from 20 to 30 wt% with which to run the transport tests.
Advanced Nmr Approaches in the Characterization of Coal. [Quarterly] Report No. 8
The paper submitted earlier on the use of (bicyclo[3.2.1]4pyrrolidino-N-methyl-octan-8-one triflate) ({sup 13}CO-123) as a {sup 13}C intensity standard was accepted for publication. Subsequently, {sup 13}CO-321 was used in this manner for quantitative {sup 13}C CP-MAS NMR analysis (including spin counting) of Argonne Premium coals. The cross-polarization time constants, T{sub CH}, and the rotating-frame proton spin-lattice relaxation times, T{sub 1p}{sup H}, were determined for each major peak of each coal via a combination of variable contact-time and variable spin-lock (T{sub 1p}{sup H}) experiments. Two or three components of rotating-frame {sup 1}H relaxation decay and two or three components of T{sub CH} behavior were observed for each major {sup 13}C peak of each coal. These data were used to determine the number of carbon atoms detected in each coal; these values are in the range between 77% and 87% of the amount of carbon known to be in each coal from elemental analysis data, except for Pocahontas No. 3, for which only 50% of the carbon was detected. In an attempt to use {sup 1}H CRAMPS to elucidate chemical functionality in coal, pyridine-saturated samples of the Argonne Premium coals were examined in detail in terms of their {sup 1}H CRAMPS NMR spectra. These spectra were deconvoluted to yield relative concentrations for individual peaks.
Advanced Nmr Approaches in the Characterization of Coal. [Quarterly] Report No. 9
A considerable effort in this project during the past few months has been focussed on the development of {sup 1}H and {sup 13}C NMR imaging techniques to yield spatially-resolved chemical shift (structure) information on coal. In order to yield the chemical shift information, a solid-state NMR imaging technique must include magic-angle spinning, so rotating gradient capabilities are indicated. A {sup 13}C MAS imaging probe and a {sup 1}H MAS imaging probe and the circuitry necessary for rotating gradients have been designed and constructed. The {sup 1}H system has already produced promising preliminary results, which are briefly described in this report.
Advanced NMR-based techniques for pore structure analysis of coal. Quarter report No. 4, 1 October 1992--30 December 1992
One of the main problems in coal utilization is the inability to properly characterize its complex pore structure. Coals typically have micro/ultra-micro pores but they also exhibit meso and macroporosity. Conventional pore size techniques (adsorption/condensation, mercury porosimetry) are limited because of this broad pore size range, microporosity, reactive nature of coal, samples must be completely dried, and network/percolation effects. Small angle scattering is limited because it probes both open and closed pores. Although one would not expect any single technique to provide a satisfactory description of a coal`s structure, it is apparent that better techniques are necessary. We believe that measurement of the NMR parameters of various gas phase and adsorbed phase NMR active probes can provide the resolution to this problem. We will investigate the dependence of the common NMR parameters such as chemical shifts and relaxation times of several different nuclei and compounds on the pore structure of model microporous solids, carbons, and coals. In particular, we will study the interaction between several small molecules and the pore surfaces in coals. These molecules have been selected for their chemical and physical properties. A special NMR probe will be constructed which will allow the concurrent measurement of NMR properties and adsorption uptake at a variety of temperatures. All samples will be subjected to a suite of ``conventional`` pore structure analyses. These include nitrogen adsorption at 77 K with BET analysis, CO{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} adsorption at 273 K with D-R (Dubinin-Radushkevich) analysis, helium pycnometry, and small angle X-ray scattering as well as gas diffusion measurements.
Advanced NMR-based techniques for pore structure analysis of coal. Quarterly report No. 3, July 1, 1992--September 30, 1992
One of the main problems in coal utilization is the inability to properly characterize its complex pore structure. Coals typically have micro/ultra-micro pores but they also exhibit meso and macroporosity. Conventional pore size techniques (adsorption/condensation, mercury porosimetry) are limited because of this broad pore size range, microporosity, reactive nature of coal, samples must be completely dried, and network/percolation effects. Small angle scattering is limited because it probes both open and closed pores. Although one would not expect any single technique to provide a satisfactory description of a coal`s structure, it is apparent that better techniques are necessary. We believe that measurement of the NMR parameters of various gas phase and adsorbed phase NMR active probes can provide the resolution to this problem. We now have two suites of well-characterized microporous materials including oxides (zeolites and silica gel) and activated carbons from our industrial partner, Air Products in Allentown, PA. Our current work may be divided into three areas: small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), adsorption, and NMR.
Advanced Turbine Design Program
The prime objective of this project task is to select a natural gas fired as Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) capable of reaching 60% cycle efficiency. Several cycles were compared and evaluated under all different kind of aspects, to determine the one with the highest potential and, at the same time, the best overall fit within and experience base to guarantee project goals. The combined cycle with multistep development potential was identified as the system to reach the 60% or greater thermal efficiency.
Advanced turbine systems program
In accordance with the goals of the DOE program, improvements in the gas turbine are the primary focus of Allison activity during Phase I. To this end Allison conducted a survey of potentially applicable gas turbine cycles and selected the advanced combined cycle as reference system. Extensive analysis of two versions of the advanced combined cycle was performed against the requirement for a 60% thermal efficiency (LHV) utility-sized, natural gas fired system. This analysis resulted in technology requirements for this system. Additional analysis determined emissions potential for the system, established a coal-fueled derivative system and a commercialization plan. This report deals with the technical requirements for a system that meets the thermal efficiency goal. Allison initially investigated four basic thermodynamic cycles: Humid air turbine, intercalate-recuperated systems, advanced combined cycle, chemically recuperated cycle. Our survey and cycle analysis indicated that au had the potential of reaching 60% thermal efficiency. We also concluded that engine hot section technology would be a critical technology regardless of which cycle was chosen. Based on this result Allison chose to concentrate on the advanced combined cycle. This cycle is well known and understood by the utility turbine user community and is therefore likely to be acceptable to users.
Advances in Reversed Field Pinch Theory and Computation
Advances in theory and computations related to the reversed field pinch (RFP) are presented. These are: (1) the effect of the dynamo on thermal transport; (2) a theory of ion heating due to dynamo fluctuations; (3) studies of active and passive feedback schemes for controlling dynamo fluctuations; and (4) an analytic model for coupled g-mode and rippling turbulence in the RFP edge.
Agency for Nuclear Projects/Nuclear Waste Project Office final progress report
The Nevada Agency for Nuclear Projects/Nuclear Waste Project Office (NWPO) was formally established by Executive Policy in 1983 following passage of the federal Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (Act). That Act provides for the systematic siting, construction, operation, and closure of high-level radioactive defense and research by-products and other forms of high-level radioactive waste from around the country which will be stored at such repositories. In 1985 the Nevada legislature formally established the NWPO as a distinct and statutorily authorized agency to provide support to the Governor and State Legislature on matters concerning the high-level nuclear waste programs. The NWPO utilized a small, central staff supplemented by contractual services for needed technical and specialized expertise in order to provide high quality oversight and monitoring of federal activities, to conduct necessary independent studies, and to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts. This report summarizes the results of this ongoing program to ensure that risks to the environment and to human safety are minimized. It includes findings in the areas of hydrogeology, geology, quality assurance activities, repository engineering, legislature participation, socioeconomic affects, risk assessments, monitoring programs, public information dissemination, and transportation activities. The bulk of the reporting deals with the Yucca Mountain facility.
Allowance trading: Market operations and regulatory response
The use of the SO{sub 2} allowance system as defined by Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments offers utilities greater compliance flexibility than EPA technology standards, State Implementation Plan (SEP) performance standards, or EPA bubble/offset strategies. Traditional methods at best offered the utility the ability to trade emissions between different units at a particular plant. The SO{sub 2} emissions trading system advocated under Title IV will allow a utility to trade emissions across its utility system, and/or trade emissions between utilities to take advantage of interfirm control cost differences. The use of transferable emission allowances offers utilities greater flexibility in the choice of how to control emissions: the choices include fuel switching, flue gas scrubbing, environmental dispatch, repowering, and even the choice not to control emissions [as long as the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements are met]. The added flexibility allows utilities to choose the least cost manner of compliance with Title IV requirements. It is hoped (intended) that pollution control cost-minimization by individual utilities will in turn reduce the cost of controlling SO{sub 2} for the electric utility industry in aggregate. In addition, through the use of NO{sub x} emission averaging, the utility would average NO{sub x} emissions from different point sources in order to comply with the prescribed emission standard.
Alpha CAM filter particle collection pattern study results
During a January 1991 Westinghouse Internal Audit of the WIPP Radiological Air Monitoring Program, an auditor observed that on an Eberline Alpha-6A CAM filter, some particulate was deposited outside the 25 mm diameter area that the filter is planned to use. Since the CAM uses a 25 mm diameter detector, this observation raised concern that the operational efficiency may be affected by the spread of filtrate. A (Eberline Alpha-6A) CAM particle collection pattern study was undertaken to determine if any significant sensitivity loss resulted from the broadened filtrate area and then to determine actions to improve performance if required. The results of this study provide documentation of the filtrate patterns on each of the Eberline Alpha-6A CAMs in use at the WIPP. In addition, data is reported that shows the results of some changes to the CAM sampling system that appear to improve the edge definition of the collected material on the filter. An important conclusion is that the relatively small spread of filtrate is consistent from CAM to CAM and studies by Texas A&M show that the majority of respirable size particles are collected in the center of the 25 mm diameter pattern while the visible particles that were deposited outside the pattern were of non-respirable size. Both this study and previous documented studies indicate that the Eberline Alpha-6A CAM provides efficient sampling and measurement of airborne alpha emitting particles and that it helps meet WIPP commitment to ``ALARA`` in its radiation safety program. No charges in the Eberline Alpha-6A sampling system were found necessary as a result of this study.
Alternative Formulations of Regenerable Flue Gas Cleanup Catalysts. Progress Report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992
We have used non-aqueous impregnation techniques to prepare an aluminum oxide surface covered with a well-dispersed magnesium oxide layer using magnesium acetylacetonate dehydrate [Mg(acac){sub 2}{sm_bullet}2H{sub 2}0] as a precursor. Using lithium acetylacetonate as a precursor, we have begun attempts to prepare a similarly well dispersed surface layer of lithium ``oxide.`` We have generated higher weight loadings of magnesium on alumina by using a Soxhlet extractor to dissolve the sparingly soluble Mg(acac){sub 2}{sm_bullet}2H{sub 2}0 in methanol. With this device we are able to obtain loadings of MgO on the alumina up to 0.66 wt/wt%. The precursor samples were examined by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and our results indicate that the complex loses the water of hydration upon adsorption. It appears, however, that the initial form of the complex on the surface is as anhydrous crystallites. Heating the supported precursor under vacuum leads to ``melting`` of the crystals, which can be observed by DRIFTS. Decomposition of the precursor under nitrogen or air leads to very similar activity when adsorbing SO{sub 2}. SO{sub 2} uptake appears to be independent of whether O{sub 2} is Present in the gas stream or not. We have shown that SO{sub 2} adsorption increases with Mg-loading on the impregnated aluminas, with 0.85 additional molecules Of SO{sub 2} adsorbed for each additional Mg atom (or MgO molecule) on the surface. We have shown that non-aqueous impregnation leads to samples which are more efficient with regard to SO{sub 2} uptake per magnesium atom than aqueous impregnation.
Alternative Formulations of Regenerable Flue Gas Cleanup Catalysts. Progress Report, September 1, 1992--November 30, 1992
Lithium can be used with good effectiveness as a promoter for SO{sub 2} adsorption on alumina due to its high basicity. The difficulty of depositing a layer on the surface of alumina must be overcome to achieve this goal. The x-ray diffraction studies indicate that the Mg precursor is well-dispersed on the alumina surface, and that the crystals formed, if any, are too small to be detected by the diffractometer. Further work must be done on the lithium-promoted samples to examine the dispersion on alumina.
Aluminum Coordination and Active Sites on Aluminas, Y Zeolites and Pillared Silicates. Progress Report, January 31, 1992--January 31, 1993
Effort was continued to characterize the nature of the Al species responsible for Lewis acidity in zeolites and in aluminas by NMR. While numerous techniques have been successful for scaling the acid strength of Broensted sites, the situation is not satisfactory for the Lewis acid sites. Initial rate of dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane is sensitive to strength of Lewis acid sites. N-Butene isomerization has been extended to the new aluminas obtained from nano-sized precursors. O-Xylene isomerization was carried out in a recirculation reactor on H-mordenite samples containing Lewis or Broensted acid sites; effects of H{sub 2} and NO were also investigated. Cracking of methylcyclohexane and 3-methylpentane was investigated by EPR on H-mordenite. Sepiolite, a Mg silicate with zeolitic channels, had Al substituted for Si; the negative charge is balanced by, say, VO{sup 2+}. Transformation of ethanol into butadiene on this dual-function catalyst appears to result from a Prins reaction between acetaldeyde formed on the redox sites and ethylene resulting from dehydration of ethanol on Lewis sites.
Ames Laboratory Site Environmental Report, Calendar year 1992
The summarized data and conclusions from the Ames Laboratory environmental monitoring program are presented in this Annual Site Environmental Report. Pollution awareness and waste minimization programs and plans implemented in 1990 are continuing to date. Ames Laboratory (AL) is responsible for a small chemical burial site, located on ISU property. The site was used for the disposal of chemical and metal slags from thorium and uranium production. Samples of water from existing test wells, and upstream and downstream sites on the nearby Squaw Creek, have not detected migration of the buried materials off site. Surface, hand auger and deep boring soil samples have been collected from the site. The analytical results are pending, Six new monitoring wells have been installed and sampled. Analytical results are pending. Ames Laboratory is responsible for an area contaminated by diesel fuel that leaked from an underground storage tank (UST) in 1970. The tank was removed that year. Soil borings and groundwater have been analyzed for contamination and a preliminary assessment written. Nine small inactive waste sites have been identified for characterization. The NEPA review for this work resulted in a CX determination. The work plans were approved by AL and CH. A subcontractor has surveyed and sampled the sites. Analytical results are pending.
Ames test mutagenicity studies of the subfractions of the mild gasification composite material, CTC No. 11. [Quarterly report, July--September 1992]
The results of the Ames testing of the CTC No. 11 subfractions indicates significant genotoxic activity in each of the four fractions. CTC No. 11 is quite genotoxic to bacteria and apparently contains a wide variety of mutagens. Since mutation is generally accepted as one of the first steps in carcinogenesis, CTC No. 11 has displayed potential carcinogenicity. The evidence collected from this study and testing of the whole sample is sufficient to suggest further testing of CTC No. 11 as a possible carcinogen.
Anaerobic processing of low-rank coals. Quarterly progress report, July 1--September 30, 1992
The overall goal of this project is to find biological methods to remove carboxylic functionalities from low-rank coals and to assess the properties of the modified coal towards coal liquefaction. The main objectives for this quarter were: (i) continuation of microbial consortia maintenance and completion of coal decarboxylation using batch reactor system, (ii) decarboxylation of model polymer, (iii) characterization of biotreated coals, and (iv) microautoclave liquefaction of the botreated coal. Progress is reported on the thermogravimetric analysis of coal biotreated in the absence of methanogens and under 5% hydrogen gas exhibits increased volatile carbon to fixed carbon ratio; that the microbial consortia developed on coal are being adapted to two different model polymers containing free carboxylic groups to examine decarboxylation ability of consortium; completion of experiments to decarboxylate two model polymers, polyacrylic acid and polymethyl methacrylate, have been completed; that the biotreated coal showed increase in THF-solubles.
Analog Signal Isolation Techniques
This paper discusses several techniques for isolating analog signals in an accelerator environment. The techniques presented here encompass isolation amplifiers, voltage-to-frequency converters (VIFCs), transformers, optocouplers, discrete fiber optics, and commercial fiber optic links. Included within the presentation of each method are the design issues that must be considered when selecting the isolation method for a specific application.
Analyses for conversion of the Georgia Tech Research Reactor from HEU to LEU fuel
The 5 MW Georgia Tech Research Reactor (GTRR) is a heterogeneous, heavy water moderated and cooled reactor, fueled with highly-enriched uranium aluminum alloy fuel plates. The GTRR is required to convert to low enrichment (LEU) fuel in accordance with USNRC policy. Results of design and safety analyses performed by the RERTR Program at the Argonne National Laboratory for LEU conversion of the GTRR are summarized. Only those parameters which could change as a result of replacing the fuel are addressed. The performance of the reactor and all safety margins with LEU fuel are expected to be about the same as those with the current HEU fuel.
Analysis and evaluation of interwell seismic logging techniques for reservoir characterization. [Quarterly report], April 1--June 30, 1992
The objective of this three-year research program is to investigate interwell seismic logging techniques for indirectly interpreting oil and gas reservoir geology and pore fluid permeability. This work involves a balanced study of advanced theoretical and numerical modeling of seismic waves transmitted between pairs of reservoir wells combined with experimental data acquisition and processing of measurements at controlled sites as well as in full-scale reservoirs. This reservoir probing concept is, aimed at demonstrating unprecedented high-resolution measurements and detailed interpretation of heterogeneous hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Part of the numerical model task is to investigate the sensitivity of the in-situ rock-physical properties of the formation such as porosity and permeability on three-component seismograms, and the pressure, as well as phase velocity and attenuation. For this purpose we have developed software to simulate synthetic seismograins associated with a point-source (compressional wave), and a point force (shear wave), in stratified fluid-filled porous media. In addition, we have developed software to calculate phase velocity and attenuation from interwell seismic waveforms. To demonstrate the use of these capabilities we present examples to simulate seismograms and dispersion and attenuation curves.
Analysis and evaluation of interwell seismic logging techniques for reservoir characterization. [Quarterly report], July 1--September 30, 1992
The objective of this three-year research program is to investigate interwell seismic logging techniques for indirectly interpreting oil and gas reservoir geology and pore fluid permeability. This work involves a balanced study of advanced theoretical and numerical modeling of seismic waves transmitted between pairs of reservoir wells combined with experimental data acquisition and processing of measurements at controlled sites as well as in full-scale reservoirs. This reservoir probing concept is aimed at demonstrating unprecedented high-resolution measurements and detailed interpretation of heterogeneous hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Progress reports are presented by Task 3 conduct full-scale experimental field test and Task 4 data processing studies. For Task 3, interwell seismic experiments were conducted in the month of September at the University of Oklahoma Gypsy test site which is located in Pawnee County, Oklahoma. During the field test a full suite of interwell seismic data were acquired and will be used to extract rock porosity and permeability. In particular, interwell seismic experiments were conducted using two borehole hydrophone arrays (streamers) consisting of twelve detector channels (i.e., simultaneous source-to-detector measurements were made in two boreholes pairs having different separation distances) for source-independent seismic attenuation and dispersion studies.
Analysis of accidents during the mid-loop operating state at a PWR
Studies suggest that the risk of severe accidents during low power operation and/or shutdown conditions could be a significant fraction of the risk at full power operation. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has begun two risk studies to evaluate the progression of severe accidents during these conditions: one for the Surry plant, a pressurized water reactor (PWR), and the other for the Grand Gulf plant, a boiling water reactor (BWR). This paper summarizes the approach taken for the Level 2/3 analysis at Surry for one plant operating state (POS) during shutdown. The current efforts are focussed on evaluating the risk when the reactor is at mid-loop; this particular POS was selected because of the reduced water inventory and the possible isolation of the loops. The Level 2/3 analyses are conditional on core damage having occurred. Initial results indicate that the conditional consequences can indeed be significant; the defense-in-depth philosophy governing the safety of nuclear power plants is to some extent circumvented because the containment provides only a vapor barrier with no capability for pressure holding, during this POS at Surry. However, the natural decay of the radionuclide inventory provides some mitigation. There are essentially no predicted offsite prompt fatalities even for the most severe releases.
Analysis of complex systems using neural networks
The application of neural networks, alone or in conjunction with other advanced technologies (expert systems, fuzzy logic, and/or genetic algorithms), to some of the problems of complex engineering systems has the potential to enhance the safety, reliability, and operability of these systems. Typically, the measured variables from the systems are analog variables that must be sampled and normalized to expected peak values before they are introduced into neural networks. Often data must be processed to put it into a form more acceptable to the neural network (e.g., a fast Fourier transformation of the time-series data to produce a spectral plot of the data). Specific applications described include: (1) Diagnostics: State of the Plant (2) Hybrid System for Transient Identification, (3) Sensor Validation, (4) Plant-Wide Monitoring, (5) Monitoring of Performance and Efficiency, and (6) Analysis of Vibrations. Although specific examples described deal with nuclear power plants or their subsystems, the techniques described can be applied to a wide variety of complex engineering systems.
[Analysis of DNA damage and mutations induced by radon daughter products]. [Final report]
In order to understand the genetic and somatic risks associated with exposure to radon and its daughter products, it is important to characterize those lesions that lead to mutation induction and carcinogenesis. The effect of exposure to the radon daughter (212)Bi has been analyzed in 4 CHO cell lines, CHO-KL, xrs-5, AA8 and EM9. These cell lines have different radiation sensitivities and different abilities to rejoin radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. Three endpoints have been examined in these cells; cell killing, chromosome aberration induction and mutation induction. We find RBEs for AA8, EM9 and CHO-KL of about 2.5-4 for cell killing and around 2 for G2-induced aberrations. The RBEs for xrs-5 cells are much smaller for cell killing and chromosome aberration induction, suggesting that the principle lethal lesion resulting from [212]Bi exposure is a non-repaired DNA double-strand break. (The CHO cell line xrs-5 is defective in the rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks.) The survival curves suggest that a portion of the cell killing is probably derived from the low LET beta component of the radiation. Mutation studies suggest that while the lethal and pre-mutagenic lesions might overlap, they are not exactly the same. RBEs for gene mutation induction in AA8 and EM9 cells are higher than the RBEs for killing and chromosome aberration induction. Interestingly, CHO-KL is not more sensitive to mutation induction than killing or chromosome aberration induction by [212]Bi suggesting that this cell line differs from AA8 and EM9 in its ability to repair a premutagenic lesion induced by [212]Bi. These studies should help define the nature of the lesions induced by radon exposure and thereby help understand the carcinogenic risk from radon exposure and how it differs from low LET radiation exposure.
Analysis of hydrogen isotope mixtures
Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for determining concentrations of hydrogen isotopes in a sample. Hydrogen in the sample is separated from other elements using a filter selectively permeable to hydrogen. Then the hydrogen is condensed onto a cold finger or cryopump. The cold finger is rotated as pulsed laser energy vaporizes a portion of the condensed hydrogen, forming a packet of molecular hydrogen. The desorbed hydrogen is ionized and admitted into a mass spectrometer for analysis.
An analysis of lift forces on aerosols in a wall bounded turbulent shear flow
This paper describes work that will lead to a better understanding of the role of lift forces in the deposition of aerosols on the walls bounding a turbulent shear flow. After providing some background information about aerosol trajectories that has been obtained from computer simulations, new results for the lift force in the relevant parameter ranges are presented.
An analysis of monojet data in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TEV
An analysis is presented of events with a single jet and significant missing transverse energy selected from 4.7 pb{sup {minus}1} of data collected at the Fermilab Tevatron with the CDF detector. The goal is to identify events of the type p{bar p} {yields} Z{sup 0} + jet; Z{sup 0} {yields} {nu}{bar {nu}}. Event selection and backgrounds are discussed. The number of observed monojet events is compared to the number of observed Z{sup 0} {yields} e{sup +}{sup {minus}} events in which the Z{sup 0} is accompanied by a jet. We measure the number of light neutrino species to be N{sub {nu}} = 2.2{plus_minus}1.5 and we place an upper limit on the number of neutrino species at N{sub {nu}} < 5 (90% C.L.).
Analysis of organic sulfur and nitrogen in coal via tandem degradation methods. Final technical report, 1 September 1991--31 August 1992
With the recent increase in concern for environmental issues and the implication of sulfur and nitrogen in coal combustion products as prime causes of acid rain, it has become clear that there is an urgent need for alternative methods for de g the nature of organic sulfur and nitrogen compounds in coal. The principal impediment to the molecular characterization of organic sulfur and nitrogen forms in coal is the polymeric nature of coal`s molecular structure, ordering coal insoluble and impossible to analyze by the necessary gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In our research, we apply mild chemical degradation techniques in order to render coal soluble in common organic solvents and thus amenable to standard GC characterization. The study also seeks to apply the degradative techniques to coal asphaltenes, since they are believed to be polymeric structures similar to the whole coal, but smaller and more readily analyzed. Of the degradation techniques used to date, oxidation by sodium dichromate provides the best chemical structural information. A variety of major sulfur compounds were detected in the dichromate oxidation products of demineralized IBC101 coal, including thiazoles (compounds which contains both sulfur and nitrogen) and a series of isomers of C{sub 2}-, C{sub 3}and C{sub 4}-alkylthiophene derivatives. Precise agreement between GC-MS and sulfur-selective GC-FPD data was obtained for these compounds, which probably originated as short alkyl chains on exterior portions of the original peat macromolecular structure that were sulfurized shortly after burial by H{sub 2}S. The results were further confirmed by the analysis of a non-Illinois Basin coal with nearly twice the organic sulfur content of IBC101.
Analysis of organic sulfur and nitrogen in coal via tandem degradation methods. Final technical report, 1 September 1991--31 October 1992
With the recent increase in concern for environmental issues and the implication of sulfur and nitrogen in coal combustion preducts as prime causes of acid rain, it has become clear that there is an urgent need for alternative methods for determining the nature of organic sulfur and nitrogen compounds in coal. The principal impediment to the molecular characterization of organic sulfur and nitrogen forms in coal is the polymeric nature of coal`s molecular structure, rendering coal insoluble and impossible to analyze by the necessary gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In our research, we apply mild chemical degradation techniques in order to render coal soluble in common organic solvents and thus amenable to standard GC characterization. The study also seeks to apply the degradative techniques to coal asphaltenes, since they are believed to be polymeric structures similar to the whole coal, but smaller and more readily analyzed. Of the degradation techniques used to date, oxidation by sodium dichromate provides the best chemical structure information. A variety of major sulfur compounds were detected in the dichromate oxidation products of demineralized IBC101 coal, including thiazoles (compounds which contains both sulfur and nitrogen) and a series of isomers of C{sub 2}-, C{sub 3}- and C{sub 4}-alkylthiophene derivatives. Precise agreement between GC-MS and sulfur-selective GC-FPD data was obtained for these compounds, which probably originated as short alkyl chains on exterior portions of the original peat macromolecular structure that were sulfurized shortly after burial by H{sub 2}S. The results were further confirmed by the analysis of a non-Illinois Basin coal with nearly twice the organic sulfur content of IBC101.
An analysis of pressure driven cross-flow through a long slot connecting two parallel channels
Cross-flow between two parallel channels that were connected by a long narrow slot has been measured. The data was presented primarily in terms of transverse resistance coefficients. This data has been analyzed with momentum balances applied to both the axial and transverse components of the slot flow. The importance of wall friction to the slot flow and the necessity of calculating the axial component of the slot flow is demonstrated.
Analysis of residual phases in nickel aluminide powders produced by reaction synthesis
The use of x-ray diffraction has been used to determine phases present after reaction synthesis of Ni{sub 3}Al powder. The complex diffraction spectra produced by the powder prompted the development of a simulator. The simlulator uses nonlinear regression to determine the weight percent of the phases present. The simulator also determines the broadening of each peak in the spectrum. The phases present in Ni{sub 3}Al powder produced by reaction synthesis has been determined with the simulator. The simulator has been used to monitor the progress of phase transformation during various thermal treatments of Ni{sub 3}Al powder. A thermal cycle of 1200{degrees}C for two hours has been shown to produce a phase-pure product. The activation energy for the interdiffusion of nickel and aluminum has been determined to be 260{plus_minus}35 kJ/mole.
Analysis of the OECD-LOFT International Standard Problem 31 using SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3
The CORA-13 bundle heating and melting experiment performed at the Kernforechungszentrum, Karlaruhe, (KfK) was analyzed at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) using SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3. This analysis was part of a systematic assessment of SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3 for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to (a) evaluate the variances between calculated and observed behavior, (b) identify outstanding modeling deficiencies, and (c) to evaluate the impact of ongoing modeling improvements. A brief discussion of the CORA-13 experiment including a description of the facility, important test conditions, and comparisons with other CORA experimental conditions and results is provided in this report. This report describes the results of the SCDAP/RELAPS/MOD3 analysis including a description of the SCDAP/RELAPS model of the facility, base case results, sensitivity results, and a comparison with other SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3 code-to-data comparisons.
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