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General Chemistry, Quarterly Progress Report, April-June 1954: "General Chemistry investigations reported herein includes: (1) the Organic Coolant-Moderator Program, (2) investigations on zirconium hydride, and (3) analytical chemistry."
Proton Irradiation Effects in Thorium: "Iodide-processed thorium foils were irradiated with 9-Mev protons at temperatures below -140 degrees C. the recover of electrical resistance upon annealing was studied in the range 0 degrees to 75 degrees where tempering curves showed rapid changes taking place. Determinations of the activation energy associated with this process were made and the mean value obtained was 1.22 ev. Correlations of this result have been made with those found previously for copper. From these comparisons, a tentative assignment of the motion of interstitial atoms in thorium has been made for this process. In addition, some evidence has been found which illustrates the corrosive action that water has on thorium at temperaturs as low as 0 degrees C."
Separations Chemistry, Quarterly Progress Report, April-June 1954: "Scale-up experiments on high temperature fuel recovery processes have included the dummy run phase on the handling of 1-kologram samples of molten, non-irradiated uranium in the hot cell. The next step involves the use of spent X-10 fuel slugs. Small scale experiments with X-10 uranium on the extaction of Pu with Mg show that as much as 80 per cent of the Pu can be removed in pone pass. Treatment of uranium with fused fluorides can remove at least 90 per cent of the Pu in one pass. Oxide scavenging with ZrO2 is very effective in removing rare earths.:
Reactor Safety, Quarterly Progress Report, February-April 1954: "The composition of the solder for the solder plug has been set as the tin-silver eutectic. Final tests on this solder show that life expectancies much longer than 6 months are probable with the current design. The design of the heater tube to contain the solder plug has been settled. This consists of a copper tube impregnated with U235O2. Arrangements have been made to have test specimens fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques. The equipment for the MTR in-pile test of trigger element response times has been largely completed and tested. The design of the complete inner capsule for the BF3 safety element has been developed as well as the cladding technique. Mock-up elements have been tested in the Hanford test reactor to determine the control that may be obtained with elements of this type, although the analysis of the results has not been made. Prototype elements are also ready for testing in the test pile, except for loading with B10F3. Experiments have been designed and submitted for approval for production pile tests of prototype."
Sodium Graphite Reactor, Quarterly Progress Report, March-June 1954: "The Atomic energy Commission has undertaken a development program to provide the technology needed for the evaluation and economic design of nuclear power plants. This program is to be carried out during the next five years at several national laboratories and industrial organizations. The Sodium Graphite Reactor (the SGR) is one of those to be investigated and experimentally tested as part of this 5-year effort. The program on the SGR is intended to expand our area of information covering sodium-graphite technology, experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this reactor complex and extend its performance limits, and apply in information developed to designs suitable for the full-scale nuclear power plant. As a principal part of this program, a Sodium Reactor Experiment (the SRE) is to be constructed and operated; it will be the major experimental facility in which the performance of this reactor will be studied and new technological advances tested. This report continues an earlier series 2-7 in which previous work on the SGR and the SRE has been described. In this report, the progress on the program is described in two main sections. Section A is devoted to work relating to the general technology of Sodium Graphite Reactors, and to studies relating to the full-scale plant. Section B covers progress on the analytical, experimental, and design efforts devoted solely to the SRE, required for its design and construction.
Improved Method for Numerically Solving Multi-Group Reactor Equations: "A method for solving multi-group reactor equations which arise in the diffusion approximation is outlined. Considerable work has been done on this problem at KAPL and ORNL. Their approach is to replace the differential equations by difference equations. Complications arise in this method where more than one slowing down medium is present since the fluxes are discontinuous at the interfaces. The primary purpose of this article is to develop an exact integral expression for the neutron flux which automatically satisfies the boundary conditions. An iterative method for obtaining the fluxes and critical neutron multiplication ratio based upon the above-mentioned integral expression is given. The only approximation used in obtaining the fluxes, in addition to the use of multi-group diffusion theory as the basic model, is the use of numerical integration to evaluate the analytic expression. The equations for a two region, two group spherical reactor are given in a form suitable for machine programing. The extension to more than two regions is also considered.
The Chemical Effects of 1 Mev Electrons on BrF3 at 25 degrees C: "An investigation of the chemical effects of 1-Mev electrons on BrF3 at 25 degrees C has been carried out. Pressure measurements taken during the irradiation suggest the presence of Br2 and BrF5 as decomposition products and a fractional distillation of the irradiated liquid confirmed their presence. The extent of decomposition was determined both by fraction distillation and spectrophotometric methods. The radiation effect seemed to reach saturation when approximately 10 per cent of the BrF3 was destroyed. The exposure necessary for the decomposition products to reach a concentration of half the saturated value was calculated to be 2.7 microampere hours/cc BrF3 while the "G" value was found to be 1.5. A qualitative comparison of irradiation dosages from the Statiltron with that expected from spent fuels revealed that little decomposition of BrF3 reagent is to be expected from 1-say cooled Hanford fuel (in pile for 100 days) while in the case of 1-day cooled MTR type fuel (in pile for 12 days) a saturated effect might be realized in 1-3 hours. Since at most only 10 per cent of the BrF3 is destroyed it is concluded that BrF3, from a radiation resistance standpoint, is a suitable standpoint, is a suitable reagent for the processing of short cooled fuels."
The Distribution of Tracer Plutonium and Fission Products Between Molten Uranium and Solid Uranium Oxide, Carbide, and Nitride: "A study has been made of the distribution of tracer fission products and plutonium between small samples of molten uranium and solid uranium oxide, carbine, and nitride. The distribution showed the same behavior i general for all three materials: 1. The rare earth elements, Cs, Ba, and Sr were extracted primarily into the solid scrub phase. 2. Zirconium and Nb partially concentrated in the scrub phase. 3. Plutonium, Mo, and Ru tended to remain completely in the metal phase. The distribution of activities agreed with trends predicted from the thermodynamic data. Uranium oxide appeared to be the most desirable scrub material for removing large amounts of fission products from the uranium while leaving beind the Pu. In addition the uranium metal was not severley contaminated by dissolved oxide."
A Sodium Cooled, Graphite Moderated, Low Enrichment Uranium Reactor for the Production of Useful Power: "A design study is presented for a sodium cooked, graphite moderated power reactor utilizing low enrichment uranium fuel. The design is characterized by dependence on existing technology and the use of standard, or nearly standard, components. The reactor has a nominal rating of 167 thermal megawatts, and a plant comprising three such reactors for a total output of 500 thermal megawatts is described. Sodium in a secondary, non-radioactive, circulation system carries the heat to a steam generator at 910 degrees F and is returned at 420 degrees F. Steam conditions at the turbine throttle are 600 psig and 825 degrees F. Cost of the complete reactor power plant, consisting of the three reactors, and on 150-megawatt turbogenerator, is estimated to be approximately $43,165,000."
Sodium Graphite Reactor, Quarterly Progress Report, December 1953 - February 1954: "Engineering pertinent to the development of the sodium-cooled, graphite-moderated type of reactor was continued. This included work on problems related to the zirconium canned moderator, low enrichment uranium fuel, sodium piping, secondary coolant system, shielding, and the control and safety elements. A large fraction of the work was devoted specifically to problems of the proposed Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) configuration. In this connection, an integrated effort was initiated to prepare a complete preliminary design of the SRE by an early date. In addition, two alternate sodium-graphite reactor configurations were studied. One was an intermediate size, 145 thermal megawatt, unit optimized for the production of low cost plutonium. The second was a low power 10 thermal megawatt intended for power production, but in which sodium circulation through the core was entirely dependent upon thermal convection."
Role of Ionization in Radiation Annealing: "The role of ionization in the phenomenon of 'radiation annealing' of graphite has been studied by using a 1-Mev electron beam. Changes in the c-axis of a sample with a Hanford irradiation of 460 mwd/ct were studied. Two thermal anneals of 4 hours each at 350 degrees C proved sufficient to complete the thermal annealing at this temperature. The samples were then irradiated for 7-1/2 hours at a temperature of 340 degrees C. The samples received an irradiation of 47 microampere-hours, equivalent to ionization to an exposure of 200 mwd/ct in a Hanford reactor. No changes were noted as a result of the electron bombardment. It is concluded that the ionization is ot of major importance in radiation annealing.
Radiation Effects, Quarterly Progress Report, January-March 1954: No Description Available.
Separations Chemistry, Quarterly Progress Report, January-March 1954: "Scale-up work on high temperature fuel recovery processes has progressed to the point where the (high temperature) vacuum furnace for several operations to the hot cells has been completed and tested under operating conditions. Small scale experiments on high temperature methods for processing molten irradiated uranium fuel have been made with spent X-10 fuel slug pieces. The results of direct Pu evaporation, treatment with fused fluorides and oxide scavenging were every similar to those found with tracer experiments."
Soduim Graphite Reactor, Quarterly Progress Report, September-November 1953: "For a central station reactor power plant of the sodium-graphite type, two designs have been investigated. The first operates as a converter using slightly enriched uranium fuel and produces 150 electrical megawatts. The second operates as a thermal breeder using a U233-Th alloy fuel and produces 300 electrical megawatts. Consideration has also been given to the problem associated with the design and operation of the Sodium Reactor Experiment. All work related to the plutonium plus power sodium-graphite pilot plant, which was undertaken at an earlier date, has been completed."
Separations Chemistry, Quarterly Progress Report, October-December 1953: "Work has continued on high temperature methods for processing irradiated uranium fuel. Additional results have been obtained with fused halide treatment, solid scavengers and direct Pu distillation. With fussed fluorides about 95 per cent of the Pu was removed from a uranium sample, while treatment of uranium with HC1 gas removed almost all the Pu and many fission products. treatment of molten uranium with uranium oxide removed a substantial fraction of the fission products without removing Pu. Uranium carbide treatment results were similar to the oxide but not as effective. A small scale distillation of Pu from uranium showed that Raoult's law is obeyed."
Heat Generation in Thermal Shields: "Heat production resulting from the absorption of gamma ray photons in thermal shields and the leakage of neutrons and photons from ferritic thermal shields are investigated. The gamma rays considered arise from three types of reactor radiation -- thermal neutrons, fast neutrons, and core and reflector gammas. The energy spectra of the fast neutron leakage and absorption have been investigated in some detail because of the significant contribution of fast neutrons to the heating of the concrete biological shield."
Reactor Physics, Quarterly Progress Report, November, 1953 - January 1954: "A series of thermal neutron diffusion length measurements has been made on non-multiplying lattice of lead-cadmium alloy rods in D2O. One-inch diameter rods in square lattice spacing of 4, 9, 6, 9, and 12 inches were used. Excellent agreement was found between theoretical and experimental values of the diffusion length. The analysis o the diffusion length measurement required a correction for the epithermal neutrons entering the exponential tank. These epithermal neutrons provided a distributed source of thermal neutrons upon slowing down in the lattice."
Chemical Development, Quarterly Progress Report, October-December 1953.: Introduction - The work of the Chemical Development Group has included studies on the thermal and radiation stability of organic materials suitable for reactor coolants, the thermal and radiation stability of zirconium hydride, reactor safety devices involving chemical systems, and general analytical development.
Radiation Effects, Quarterly Progress Report, July - September, 1953: No Description Available.
Effect of Reactor Irradiation on the Thermal Conductivity of Uranium Impregnated Graphite at Elevated Temperatures: "An experiment to determine the effect of reactor irradiation on the thermal conductivity of uranium-impregnated graphite at elevated temperatures as described. The results show a decrease in the thermal conductivity saturating at [approximately] 60 percent at a temperature of 700 degrees C; at [approximately] 50 percent at a temperature of 1000 degrees C; and at [approximately] 25 percent at a temperature of 1300 degrees C. It was found that after irradiation at a given temperature, exposure at a higher temperature resulted in an increase in the thermal conductivity. The converse was also observed. Within the precision of measurement there was no difference in effed between temperature changes produced by varying the fission rate in the samples and changes produced by varying the power in an external heater."
Sodium Graphite Reactor, Quarterly Progress Report, June-August 1953: "Engineering was continued on the development of sodium cooled, graphite moderated type reactors. General studies were carried out as well as studies specifically devoted to the following: a. full scale poser-only plant, b. thirty-mega watt pilot plant, the SGR, c. sodium reactor experiment, the SRE. This work consisted of theoretical analysis of various aspects of nuclear performance; economic investigations of different fuel element, cooling system and plant arrangements; and experimental investigations related to the properties of certain materials and to the development of components. Preliminary consideration was given to alternative reactor arrangements employing liquid hydrocarbon moderators and high temperature coolants other than sodium. In addition to a summary of the general design features of the SRD, a program was prepared outlining the proposed use of this installation.
Radiation Effects, Quarterly Progress Report, October-December 1953: No Description Available.
Uranium Production Reactor (UPR) Quarterly Progress Report, May-July, 1953: "Measurements of the intra-cell neutron flux distributing for a proposed Uranium Production Reactor have been made using a mock-up of a portion of the reactor core. Thermal neutron and thorium resonance neutron flux-distributions were investigated. As a result of the experimental measurements on the first mock-up, a decrease in thorium content appeared necessary in the reactor design studies. Experiments are now in progress on a second mock-up in which this change has been made."
Separations Chemistry, Quarterly Progress Report, July-September 1953: "Continued progress has been made with the high temperature decontamination processes for irradiated uranium fuel. The fused salt treatment of molten uranium has been extended to UCl3. Plutonium and rare earths were extracted into the UCl3 phase. Direct plutonium distillation from molten irradiated uranium has been scaled up to the hundred gram scale. Solid scavenging experiments using uranium oxide, uranium carbide, and uranium nitride in contact with molten uranium have indicated fission product removal. A scaled-up investigation of the separation and recover of uranium from an SIR type ceramic fuel using the volatile fluoride process has indicated the feasibility of this separation method. The effect of irradiation on the decomposition of BrF3 has been further studies in experiments using the NAA statitron.'
Reactor Physics, Quarterly Progress Report, August-October, 1953: "A thorough analysis of the data obtained on depleted, natural, and enriched uranium lattices has been made. Consideration of the possible sources of discrepancies between theory and experiment has led to a suspicion of the calculated thermal neutron diffusion lengths. A series of diffusion length measurements in non-multiplying lattices of lead-cadmium alloy has been initiated. An analysis of some early exponential experiments on lattices proposed for a neutron production reactor has been carried out in order to determine whether experimental results on these more complicated structures are consistent with the analysis carried out for the "clean" lattices."
Preparation of a Thorium Slurry: "A study has been made of methods to prepare a fluid containing 1 gram of thorium per milliliter. The methods considered were solutions of thorium salts, suspensions of dry solids in water, and collodial suspensions. Thorium oxide, oxalate, and fluoride were tried in conjunction with one or more surface actants, but it was not possible to attain the required thorium concentration. Thorium hydrosol, produced by peptization of thorium hydroxide and subsequent electrodialysis, gave the necessary concentration of 1 gram per milliliter. A solution of 0.5 gram per milliliter was found to be stable to electron irradiation and did not flocculate upon shaking or standing. Selected surface actans which might be used as protective colloids were found to be unstable to electron irradiation.
A Pebble-Bed Reactor for Stationary Power Plants: A preliminary study has been made of a solid homogeneous reactor for stationary power plant application. The core consists of graphite spheres impregnated with uranium and thorium, and the coolant is bismuth. This concept possible offers advantages over other solid fuel reactor systems with respect to simplification of core structure, fuel fabrication and fuel handling, and reduction of fuel inventory external to the reactor. From the results of this preliminary study, it appears that the potential cost of electric power from this reactor is competitive with that from other reactor systems which have been proposed for the same application. The Po210 produced in the coolant presents a decontamination problem, but is also possibly a valuable by-producgt.
Annual Technical Progress Report, AEC Unclassified Programs: 1965: Annual report describing progress on unclassified research programs funded by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission during the 1964-65 fiscal year.
Quarterly Technical Progress Report, AEC Unclassified Programs: July-September 1965: Quarterly report describing progress on unclassified research programs funded by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission during the first quarter of the 1966 fiscal year.
Annual Technical Progress Report, AEC Unclassified Programs: 1966: Annual report describing progress on unclassified research programs funded by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission during the 1965-66 fiscal year.
Piqua Nuclear Power Facility Operations Analysis Program Progress Report Number 8: 1966: The following progress report describes the examination of elements removed in comparison to a previous study on the power facility reactor operations.
Piqua Nuclear Power Facility Operations Analysis Program Progress Report Number 9: 1966: The following progress report describes the examination of elements removed in comparison to a previous study on the power facility reactor operations.
Second-cycle airox reprocessing and pellet refabricating of highly irradiated uranium dioxide: "This report describes second-cycle postirradiation examination and AIROX reprocessing-refabricating of uranium dioxide irradiated to an additional 10,000 Mwd/MTU burnup."
Irradiation behavior of unalloyed hypostoichiometric uranium carbide, experiment AI 3-11 and review: A report regarding the irradiation behavior of Unalloyed hypostoichiometric uranium carbide experiment AI 3-11 and review
Safety Evaluation of PNPF Modifications: "The purpose of this report is to examine the safety aspects of PNPF restart on continued operation, after completion of the core cleanup and system modifications."
UNICORN: a program to calculate point cross sections from resonance parameters: A report regarding Unicorn - a program used to calculate point cross-sections from resonance parameters.
Irradiation behavior of uranium monocarbide fuel experiments NAA 81-3 and AI 3-12: A report regarding irradiation behavior of uranium monocarbide fuel experiments NAA 81-3 and AI 3-12
Quarterly Technical Progress Report, AEC Unclassified Programs: Fiscal Year 1968: Quarterly report with the objectives of evaluating, producing, and maintaining of an up-to-dat set of basic nuclear data; producing and evaluating of multigroup constants; and the improvement of present day methods of neutronic calculations as relates to microscopic and macroscopic nuclear data, for unclassified research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission during FY 1968.
Annual Technical Progress Report, AEC Unclassified Programs: Fiscal Year 1968: Annual report with the objectives of evaluating, producing, and maintaining an up-to-date set of basic nuclear data; producing and evaluating multigroup constants; and improving of present day methods of neutronic calculations as related to microscopic and macroscopic nuclear data, for unclassified research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission during FY 1968.
Evaluation of Zirconium Hydride as Moderator in Integral, Boiling Water-Superheat Reactors: This report summarizes the results and conclusions of a study made to evaluate the merits of using zirconium hydride as a solid moderator in an integral boiling water-nuclear superheat reactor of the pressure vessel type.
A Reversing Logarithmic DC Amplifier: Purpose: Automatic recording equipment was designed for use with a high temperature Sykes experiment in which calorimetric measurements were to be made to temperatures approaching 2000* C. At such high temperatures, radiation becomes the dominant mechanism for heat transfer. The temperature differences which are used to determine the magnitude of this transfer no longer are directly proportional to it, but must be related by the Stefan-Boltzman law of radiation.
A Remotely Controlled Welding Device for Joining Stainless Steel Tubes: Abstract: The design and testing of experimental equipment for remotely joining stainless steel tubing by heliarc welding is described. This apparatus consists of a modified heliarc welding torch which is hydraulically controlled to maintain constant arc voltage. A suitable arc voltage sensing and control amplifier circuit was developed for this application.
Sodium Reactor Experiment Power Expansion Program: Heat Transfer Systems Modifications: Abstract: Under the Power Expansion Program (PEP), modifications have been made to the Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) facility to improve plant reliability and permit an increase in power to 30 Mwt, with a reactor coolant outlet temperature up to 1200°F.
Operating Experience with Heat Transfer System Pumps at the Hallum Nuclear Power Facility: Introduction: It is the purpose of this report to describe the operating and maintenance experience obtained at HNPF on the sodium heat transfer pumps.
SRE Mark II Fuel Handling Machine: Abstract: The Sodium Reactor Experiment Mark II Fuel Handling Machine has been modified to ensure fuel and gas containment during core III operation. A new fuel control system has been designed for the fuel handling machine.
A Rotary Kiln for the Controlled Oxidation of UC: Abstract: A rotary kiln was evaluated for the controlled oxidations of UC.
Steam Cycle Optimization Study for Large Sodium Graphite Nuclear Power Generating Stations: Abstract: This report presents steam cycle optimization studies for large sodium graphite nuclear power generating stations.
UC Fuel Element Design and Fabrication: Abstract: Uranium monocarbide shows considerable potential for use as a fuel in high temperature, high power density, nuclear power reactors. As Atomics International is proposing its use in sodium graphite type reactors, it was necessary to develop a process for fabricaing sodium bonded uranium carbide fuel elements.
Study of SCTI Control System: Introduction: This report has been prepared to document the extensive analytical work required to design the control system for the Sodium Components Test Installation (SCTI), constructed for the Atomic Energy Commission at the Atomics International field laboratory.
SNAP 10A FSEM-3 Agena Compatibility Test: From abstract: This report summarizes the results of SNAP-10A/Agena developmental testing and final vehicle systems tests.

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