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Presidential Disability Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment: Constitutional Provisions and Perspectives for Congress

Description: This report provides a description and analysis of Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, which deal with presidential disability or inability. It also reviews the history of presidential disability and earlier proposals to provide for such contingencies, provides a legislative history of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment and examines relevant legislative proposals pending in the 115th Congress.
Date: November 5, 2018
Creator: Neale, Thomas H.
open access

The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: A Sketch

Description: This report examines instances, as approved by Congress, where circumstances warrant a departure from the general rule of the Posse Comitatus Act, wherein the military is typically prevented from direct involvement in civilian affairs.
Date: November 6, 2018
Creator: Elsea, Jennifer K.
open access

Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress

Description: This report introduces the main steps through which a bill (or other item of business) may travel in the legislative process. For many bills, the process will not follow the sequence of congressional stages that are often understood to make up the legislative process. This report presents a look at each of the common stages through which a bill may move, but complications and variations abound in practice.
Date: November 15, 2018
Creator: Heitshusen, Valerie
open access

Defense Authorization and Appropriations Bills: FY1961-FY2019

Description: This report is a research aid that lists the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) authorization and appropriations bills for FY1961-FY2019 including: bill numbers, report numbers, dates reported and passed, recorded vote numbers and vote tallies, dates of passage of the conference reports with their numbers and votes, vetoes, substitutions, dates of final passage, and public law numbers. Significant definitions are also included.
Date: November 27, 2018
Creator: DeBruyne, Nese F. & Torreon, Barbara Salazar
open access

Lame Duck Sessions of Congress Following a Majority-Changing Election: In Brief

Description: This report describes "lame duck" sessions of Congress, which take place whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected but before the term of the current Congress ends. It specifically provides additional information on the 1954, 1994, and 2010 lame duck sessions.
Date: November 13, 2018
Creator: Hudiburg, Jane A.
open access

Defense Primer: RDT&E

Description: This report describes the appropriations structure and funding levels for the U.S. Department of Defense's (DOD's) research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E). The DOD relies on scientific and technical research funded by the department and performed by industry, universities, federal laboratories, and others; the DOD also relies on technology developed by the private sector for commercial markets.
Date: November 13, 2018
Creator: Sargent, John F., Jr.
open access

Quantum Information Science: Applications, Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations

Description: This report provides an overview of quantum information science (QIS) technologies: sensing and metrology, communications, and computing and simulation. It also includes examples of existing and potential future applications; brief summaries of funding and selected R&D initiatives in the United States and elsewhere around the world; a description of U.S. congressional activity; and a discussion of related policy considerations.
Date: November 19, 2018
Creator: Figliola, Patricia Moloney
open access

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): Historical Overview, Funding, and Reauthorization

Description: This report provides a brief history of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) with an overview of the crimes addressed through the act. It includes brief descriptions of earlier VAWA reauthorizations and a more-detailed description of the most recent reauthorization in 2013. The report concludes with a discussion of VAWA programs and a five-year history of funding from FY2014 through FY2018.
Date: November 19, 2018
Creator: Sacco, Lisa N.
open access

Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA

Description: This report provides an overview of the structure and organization of the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).
Date: November 16, 2018
Creator: McGarry, Brendan W. & Heitshusen, Valerie
open access

The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP): Background and Funding

Description: This report begins by describing the population using emergency food assistance. It goes on to discuss the the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) program, including its administration at the federal, state, and local levels, eligibility rules, and funding structure. The report concludes by summarizing TEFAP's role in disaster response and recent reauthorization efforts.
Date: November 19, 2018
Creator: Billings, Kara Clifford
open access

The Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Considerations for Congress

Description: This report examines some of the extensive history of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA), focusing primarily on its creation and most recent legislative reauthorization. This report also identifies relevant delegations of the President's DPA authorities made in Executive Order (E.O.) 13603 -- National Defense Resources Preparedness -- and provides a brief overview of issues Congress may consider in its oversight.
Date: November 20, 2018
Creator: Brown, Jared T. & Schwartz, Moshe
open access

Teacher Preparation Policies and Issues in the Higher Education Act

Description: This report provides a description of current programs and provisions in Title II-A and identifies a number of the key issues that may be part of the debate over the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (HEA).
Date: November 16, 2018
Creator: Kuenzi, Jeffrey J.
open access

World Trade Organization: Overview and Future Direction

Description: This report provides background history of the World Trade Organization (WTO), its organization, and current status of negotiations. It also explores concerns regarding the WTO's future direction and key policy issues for Congress.
Date: November 29, 2018
Creator: Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Fefer, Rachel F. & Fergusson, Ian F.
open access

Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process

Description: This report reviews the process and procedures that currently apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell major defense equipment, defense articles and services, or the re-transfer to third party states of such military items.
Date: October 22, 2018
Creator: Kerr, Paul K.
open access

The Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program: Selected Issues

Description: This report begins with a brief legislative and regulatory history of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program, with a brief description of how the program works. It also describes several selected program issues that have received recent congressional and stakeholder attention, issues identified in reviews of the program, and issues that have been raised by researchers, analysts, and other entities outside of the government.
Date: October 29, 2018
Creator: Hegji, Alexandra
open access

EPA's Affordable Clean Energy Proposal

Description: This report provides background information about the Clean Air Act (CAA) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the power sector, and also highlights some of the major components of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) "Affordable Clean Energy Rule" (ACE) proposal.
Date: November 2, 2018
Creator: Shouse, Kate C.; Ramseur, Jonathan L. & Tsang, Linda
open access

Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Standards

Description: This report discusses the amendments to the federal standards that regulate fuel economy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from new passenger cars and light trucks. The amendments were proposed by the Trump Administration on August 24, 2018.
Date: October 11, 2018
Creator: Lattanzio, Richard K.; Tsang, Linda & Canis, Bill
open access

Global Trade Imbalances

Description: This report discusses the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) July 2018 report on global trade imbalances that identifies countries with "excessive" current account balances and exchange rates that are "misaligned." The current account is a broad measure of a country's global economic engagement and is comprised of trade in goods, services, and official flows.
Date: September 28, 2018
Creator: Jackson, James K.
open access

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Navy's Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program. A total of 32 LCSs have been procured through FY2018. For FY2019, the Navy is requesting the procurement of the 33rd LCS. The LCS program presents several oversight issues for Congress.
Date: October 22, 2018
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
open access

The United States and the "World Court"

Description: This report reviews the most recent International Court of Justice (ICJ) proceedings against the United States by Iran and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the implications for Congress of the Trump Administration's withdrawal decision.
Date: October 17, 2018
Creator: Mulligan, Stephen P.
open access

Military Medical Care: Frequently Asked Questions

Description: This report answers selected frequently-asked questions about military health care, including: 1) How is the Military Health System structured?, 2) What is TRICARE?, 3) What are the different TRICARE plans and who is eligible?, 4) What are the costs of military health care to beneficiaries?, 5) What is the relationship of TRICARE to Medicare?, 6) How does the Affordable Care Act affect TRICARE?, 7) When can beneficiaries change their TRICARE plan?, and 8) What is the Medicare Eligible Retiree H… more
Date: November 8, 2018
Creator: Mendez, Bryce H. P.
open access

Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's program for acquiring new polar icebreakers -- previously known as the polar icebreaker (PIB) program and now called the Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program. The proposed FY2019 budget requests $750 million in acquisition funding for the program. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Administration's FY2019 acquisition funding request for the PSC program, and, more generally, w… more
Date: October 26, 2018
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
open access

Hurricane Michael: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources

Description: This report provides a brief overview of emergency and major disaster declarations relevant to Hurricane Michael, and selected federal resources and links to CRS products related to Stafford Act declarations, disaster response, and recovery.
Date: October 11, 2018
Creator: Lindsay, Bruce R.; Reese, Shawn; Brown, Jared T.; Horn, Diane P. & Painter, William L.
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