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Progress Report No. XXIII: "Progress is briefly reported on studies in dielectric spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, high-field-strength research, ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics, semiconductors, single crystals, and ceramics."
The Sodium-Cooled, D2O-Moderated Rector (SDR): "For presentation at the 1958 Nuclear Congress, Nuclear Science and Engineering Conference, March 17The experimental program was focused on the problems of containing the Na, of providing a barrier material with low neutron absorption cross section and an ability to withstand the action of hot Na, of developing an arrangement of this material which is mechanically adequate, and of demonstrating that an integrated barrier system can be safety operated under reactor temperature and pressure conditions. Possible barrier materials were subjected to hot Na jets. Stainless steel, Zr, and Al withstood the jet very well- The experimental arrangements of other tests are shown."
The Influence of the Molecular Mean Free Path on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Gas Lubricated Bearings: "A modified Reynolds equation is derived for gaslubricated hydrodynamic bearings operating under ''slip flow'' conditions. Closed analytical solutions are given for a Rayleigh-type step-bearing and an inclined plane slider bearing for the case of two-dimensional flow. The influence of the molecular mean free path on the performance of bearings of arbitrary form is obtained by means of a small parameter, perturbation technique"
Summary of All-Union Conference on the Application of Radioactive and Stable Radioisotopes in the National Economy and Science of the Ussr--1957 (Aec-Tr-2925 and Aec-Tr-3093): "A total of 418 abstracts from this conference and the complete text of five plenary session papers, as well as 55 abstracts from as All-Union Conference on Radiation Chemistry, have been made available in translation in AEC-tr-2925. Almost all of these papers deal with the actual applications of tracers or radiation in the national economy. The papers presented were divided into three major sections: isotope production and high-intensity gamma systems, technical sciences and industrial uses of isotopes, and biology, medicine, and agriculture. A short summary of the papers as to groups is given."
Mechanical and Thermal Problems of Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors: "Some of the principal problems faced in the mechanical and thermal design of the Shipping port Pressurized Water Reactor core are discussed. The interplay of these problems with the requirements of other technologies is discussed, and areas which need more work are outlined."
Final Report of Seamwelding Development Program on Zirconium Can End Closures: "A satisfactory welding schedule for zirconium can assemblies was demonstrated."
A Kinetic Study of CO2 Desorption From Thoria: "Desorption rate curves were obtained for carbon dioxide absorbed on thoria at temperatures of 550C, 450C, 350C, 250C, 150C, and 50C. The gas were found to desorb according to a logarithmic law following initial rapid desorption. The logarithmic law may be shown to be operative if the activation energy for desorption varies linearly with surface converge. A large apparent negative entropy of activation for desorption supports the fact that the adsorbed CO2 is in a mobile state."
Tests of Models of Nuclear Reactor Elements: "Losses have been determined for flow through models of various proposed core sub-assemblies as part of a study of the elements of a nuclear reactor. Six core sections and two axial blanket sub-assemblies have been compared on the basis of drop in piezometric head or pressure drop. The core sub-assemblies are composed of an entrance nozzle, a lower axial blanket section, the core section, an upper axial blanket section, and a short section for the handling lug. The four parts of the sub-assembly other than the core section are designated as the axial blanket sub-assembly. In each core section there are l44 rods within a container which has a square cross section. The primary differences between one core section and another are the means of supporting and spacing the rods. Bars or wires wrapped in spirals around the rods were used as well as a series of grids made up of wires and supported at the four corners. Also, in one core an inner wall was used to provide an annular flow passage which helps to reduce the difference in temperature at the inner and outer walls of the core. The two axial blanket sub-assemblies tested are similar except that the second model is characterized by more gradual transitions in changes of cross-section."
A Monte Carlo Study of Neutron Thermalization: "The slowing down of neutrons from fission to absorption energies in a homogeneous medium has been treated by a Monte Carlo method. thermalization by elastic collisions in both light and heavy water was computed on an IBM 650. One-sixth the mean-square distance travelled by the neutrons was interpreted as the migration area. This quantity was analyzed to give the age, t, both above and below the indium resonance, and the thermal diffusion constant. D, as functions of the moderator temperature, the effective moderator mass, the moderator composition, the scattering the absorption laws, and the energy distribution of the neutron source. The migration area from the fission eneergy source to below the indium resonance energy (1.46 ov) was found ro be 27.4cm^2 for H2O and 120 cm^2 for D2O. By varying the absorption cross section, the migration area from the indiu, resonance energy to absorption of the neutrons could be decompsed into components D/L^2 and Ts. D and Ts were found to be 0.19 cm and 0.77 cm^2 respectively for H2O and 0.87 cm and 20 cm^2 for D2O. D was found to increase with the thermal agitation of the moderator at the rate of 0.15$/C for H2O and 0.14%/C for D2O. Neutron energy distributions found from the scattering frequency agree with those derived by analytical methods."
Technical Progress Report: "Progress is reported on high-speed computer development, circuit research, mathematical methods, data reduction methods, Illiac use and operation, IBM 650 use and operation, instructional use of computers, and general laboratory information."
Differential Voltammetry Using The Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode: "The general techniques of voltammetry with continuously varying potential have been applied to a differential method in which two electrolysis cells are used, each with a hanging mercury drop electrode. Using this method it is possible to determine lO/sup -6/ solutions with increased precision, and it is also possible to analyze solutions as dilute as 10/sup -6/ without removing oxygen from the electrolysis cells. Mixtures can be analyzed easily by adding individual components of the mixture to the reference cell."
Precise Vapor Pressure Measurement At High Temperature: "An apparatus using a silica Bourdon gage is described for the measurement of vapor pressures or dissociation pressures with an accuracy of 0.1 mm and 0.1 deg C up to maximum pressures of atmospheric or beyond and maximum temperatures of 650 to 1250 deg C. The method is applicable to corrosive substances, to substances whose vapor pressure is sensitive to slight changes in composition, and to substances difficult to purify of volatile contaminants which affect the vapor pressure."
Transient Beam Loading In Linear Electron Accelerators: "The subject of beam loading in linear electron accelerators has been discussed. With suitable design it is possible to place the equilibrium electron phase angle well ahead of the crest of the traveling wave in the accelerator. With beam loading the equilibrium position will move toward the crest, but the electron energy will remain constant or nearly so over a considerable range of loading. Some loss in energy will result from moving the equilibrium phase angle off the wave crest but the spread in energies due to beam loading should be reduced.
Zircex Kinetics And Uranium Loss Study: "A study was made of the effects of temperature, impurities in the hydrogen chloride, flow rates, and niobium content on both the reaction rates and insoluble uranium losses in the Zircex Process is presented."
Zircex Uranium Sublimate Loss: "One of the limitations of the Zircex Process is the large percentage loss of U which is carried off with the volatile ZrCl/sub 4/. Since the ratio of U to Zr in the fuel element is quite small (< 1%), a large percentage of U loss can be caused by small amounts of U in the ZrCl/sub 4/ sublimate. The U loss must be kept below 1% if the Zircex Process is to be adapted to industrial scale processing."
Theory Of The Constant Gradient Linear Electron Accelerator: "The effect of beam loading upon the design and performance of the accelerator is examined. Results are given in dimensionless form so that the various equations and grams can be used at any operating frequency. The constant gradient accelerator is somewhat less subject to beam loading than the uniform accelerator structure. For an accelerator of given filling time and 20% more."
Specification for Cleaning Metal Components and Systems for Liquid-Metal Cooled Power Reactors: "The degree of cleanliness is defined, and the methods and materials to be used are outlined for carbon and low alloy steels, 300 and 400 series ferritic and austenitic stainless steels, special Ni-Cr base heat-resistant hard-facing and high-temperature brazing alloys, and some non-ferrous materials."
Exit Beam Trajectories for the Cambridge Electron Accelerator: "A method is outlined for calculating the trajectories, through the magnetic field of the following magnet pair of positive and negative particles of different momenta produced in a target. Representative trajectories were computed by this method and are given numerically."
The Input Admittance of a Ring Circuit: "A ring circuit is a succession or two-port networks and at least one three-port network, each feeding the next at one port and the last feeding the first so that the sequence closes on itself leaving at least one input port. The input admittance is derived in terms ef various matrices describing the circuit for one- and two-input port rings."
Betatron Oscillations and Equilibrium Orbits in Terms of Amplitude and Phase Functions: "Formulas are given to express the general particle trajectory and the equilibrium orbit for a slightly disturbed synchrotron in terms of the amplitude and phase functions for the ideal machine. If these functions are known, orbit computations can be carried out by simple integration procedures. The formalism is expected to be useful especially for considerations such as beam alignment or generation of an external electron beam. Some equations given earlier are repeated for completeness."
Radiation Effects in Circular Electron Accelerators: "The effects of radiation emission on the motion of electrons in high energy synchrotrons are analyzed. The damping rates and quantum excitation of the three principal modes of oscillation are derived for strong focusing and constant gradient accelerators. Methods for correcting the radiation effects for strong focusing accelerators are discussed."
Analysis of Spurious Modes in Magnet Power Supply: "The resonant frequencies of the magnet power supply are investigated. It is found that there are eleven resonant modes in addition to the desired mode of operation with six additional resonant frequencies. From measurements of the choke model, it appears that the frequencies of some of the spurious modes may lie in the same range as the desired mode of operation."
Radiation Damage to Vacuum Chamber Walls: "The problem of radiation derange to the walls of two types of vacuum chamber for the 6 Bev Cambridge Electron Accelerator was studied. Radiation damage may arise from the synchrotron radiation and from electrons which are not accepted at injection. The synchrotron radiation produces a large amount of secondary x radiation which is isotropic, and therefore complicates the arrangement of internal shielding. The 20 Mev electrons from the lines cannot be attenuated by shielding. It is concluded that dosages of the order of 10/sup 7/ rad/day near the inflector are unavoidable. This would exceed the allowable dosage for a tube made by cementing a stainless steel liner to supporting ribs, and also exceed the test dosages (so far as we know) for alumina ceramics."
Dynamic B and n-Behavior Up to 7600 Gauss in Magnet Model Mark Ii Comparison of Results With Long and Small Grad Coils: "Magnetic measurements were performance at excitation levels ranging from 4000 to 7600 gauss, to study the dynamic behavior of the magnetic and gradient lengths of the CEA magnet sectors. The influence of the proposed metal vacuum chamber on field and gradient was experimentally determined. Results of measurements made with a 26 in. long grad coil and with small circular grad coils are compared. The reliability of the 26 in. long grad coil is demonstrated."
Injection Trajectories and Beam Matching for the Cambridge Electron Accelerator: "ABS>Injection trajectories were calculated for different injection conditions for the Cambridge Electron Accelerator, considering also the effect of magnetic fringing fields. The general problem of matching the emittance of the linac to the acceptance of the synchrotron in the transversal phase space is considered, and it is shown that this can be done by a set of two quadrupole lenses. In order to eliminate rudial betatron oscillations due to energy deviations of the injected particles, a pulsed electric quadrupole lens in the synchrotron in combination with two deflectors between linac and synchrotron can be used to place particles of different energies on their specific equilibrium orbits. A layout of the whole injection system following the output of the linac is given."
A Report on the Kinematics of High Energy Electron Scattering: "A convenient summary is given of useful formulas on the kinematics of high energy electron scattering together with a derivation of the relevant formulas for transforming from the center of mass to the laboratory system such parameters as scattering cross sections. The formulas derived hold for any two- body collision: the approximation (m = 0) employed for the electron scattering calculations is rigorously true for the elastic scattering of photons."
Amplitude and Phase Functions for the Revised Parameters of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator: "The phase and amplitude functions describing the betatron oscillations in the synchrotron are calculated using the revised parameters of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator. The results are given numerically and plotted in a graph for one machine period."
Notes on the A-2-Compiler System: "An account is given of an extensive study of the A-2 Compiler System for the Remington Rand Univac digital computer. In particular, the following topics are discussed: application and performance of subroutines, segmenting, and introduction of subroutines to the library."
Evaluation of Foreign Multiplier Phototubes: "Several multiplier phototubes produced by England, Russia, or Switzerland were evaluated for amplification, photocathode sensitivity, photo-electron collection efficiency, cathode uniformity, and dark current. A description of the various tubes by designation numbers is given, along nth a description of techniques and equipment used in testing."
Effect of Quadrupole Lenses: "The effect of correcting quadrupole lenses on the betatron oscillation characteristics of an AG synchrotron was studied, and general formulas are given for the fractional changes of the amplitude and phase functions. Calculations performed for different setups of different numbers of lenses for the CEA synchrotron structure point out that one may correct for sizable errors in the n- value by means of 8 pairs of quadrupole lenses in two consecutive straight sections with the focusing lens between defocusing sectors and vice versa. An increase of BETA /sub max/ of about 5% is obtained for DELTA n/n approximately 0.04. It was found that the necessary corrections can probably be obtained satisfactorily with lenses of 6 in. length. "
Pole-Face Windings: "A summary is presented of a preliminary study of the application of pole- face windings to the Cambridge Electron Accelerator. Estimates are made of the currents required, the forces on the wibdings and the voltages induced by the magnetic flux. The possibility of automatic control of the pole-face currents in explored, and feasible control systems are suggested."
Betatron Oscillation Frequency Shift Due To "N-Errors": "Expressions are found to relate DELTA gamma to the n-errors.'' It is demonstrated that the integral n-value concept'' is of no use in the present case. A modification of integrated n-value'' is suggested."
Progress letter No. 11 for January 1, 1960 through January 31, 1960: A stainless steel autoclave for superheated water corrosion test was installed and "conditioned". Tests were begun to investigate the feasibility of densifying slip cast stainless steel by means of liquid phase sintering. Attempts to prepare tubular fuel elements by vacuum forming were resumed. Although thick-walled vacuum formed casting have been sintered on the aluminum mandrels without cracking, this has not yet been accomplished with the think sections of interest.
A Survey of Non-Fuel-Bearing Materials for the Marine Gas-Cooled Reactor: Results of an initial examination of non-fuel-bearing materials for the Marine Gas Cooled Reactor are presented. Areas given specific attention include structural and cladding materials and graphite moderator. Other areas not included because of classification include zirconium hydride moderator and control materials. In each report section, available pertinent information is summarized and a plan for future work is given.
Attempts to Delineate Inborn Anemias in Mice. Progress Report and Fifth Renewal Proposal, Report Period: January 10, 1959-January 31, 1960. Renewal Period: May 1, 1960-April 30, 1961: During the past year, three papers covering results of a major series of experiments on intergenotype of blood-forming tissue have appeared, demonstrating successful implantation of isologues normal cells in anemic hosts, permanently correcting their genetic defect in hematopoiesis, both with and without irradiation of the host. Heavy host irradiation was shown ineffective as preparations for implantation of homologous cells of widely different antigenic types.
Refinements of the Theory of the Infinitely-Long, Self-Acting, Gas-Lubricated Journal Bearing. Interim Report: The lubrication equations for an arbitrary Newtonian fluid are derived directly from the general equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. From the lubrication equations an inequality is obtained for the internal film temperature rise, after which the isothermal film equations are derived. Then, for perfectly-aligned self-acting journal bearings, a conservation equation is obtained. For gas bearings this condition gives: [formula] constant along the axis of the bearing. Application of this condition to the infinitely-long gas bearing gives more accurate pressure solutions for this case. The Katto-Soda form of the differential equation for the infinitely-long bearing is solved by a series expansion in the eccentricity ratio, the first terms of which give the original, approximate Katto-Soda solution. In addition, solutions obtained numerically by digital computations are presented in graphical and tabular form for eccentricity ratios from 0 to 0.9 and compressible bearing parameter [formula]. Design charts based on these calculations are provided.
Time Variation of Thermodynamic Parameters of a Gas in the Region of a Shock Front : Progress Report III: The original goal of this investigation was to compare the thermodynamic characteristics of the gases in and behind the shock fronts in gases at initial pressures in the millimeter range and to compare these characteristics in the geometries of single and double discharges. The shock fronts were not visible, so it was not possible, at these pressures, to get visual data from the shock front itself. The parameters giving the properties of the gases were faces. Measurements made with an image converter camera (which is still in the development stage) agree well with these made with a photomultiplier tube. Differences are observed between the front velocities in the cases studied. These are of the order of 3 to 15 per cent. Considering the nature of the shot to shot fluctuations in the discharges and the inductance variation between the single and double discharges represent a physical difference. The mathematical treatment which says that two equal strength colliding with a wall behaves, has not been shown to be inadequate by this investigation. It was hoped that a stronger confirmation could be fien to the theory, but the accuracy of the data does not warrant it.
The SNAP II Power Conversion System. Topical Report No. 4. Turbine Design and Testing: SNAP II is the designation for a 3 KW nuclear auxiliary power unit to be used in a satellite vehicle. The SNAP II system consists of a reactor heat source, a mercury Rankine engine and an alternator. A two stage, full admission, axial flow turbine was chose for the APU application. Design details and test results are presented in this report. This work was performed under a subcontract to to Atomics International as part of the Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. AT(11-1)-GEN-8.
The SNAP II Power Conversion System. Topical Report No. 3. Dynamic Analysis: SNAP II is the designation for a nuclear auxiliary power unit, designed primarily for utilization in the WS117L satellite vehicle. The SNAP II system consists of a reactor heat source, a mercury Rankine engine, and an alternator. Dynamic analysis of the power conversion system was conducted utilizing a comprehensive analog computer simulation. Feasibility of a parasitic load control for numerous system disturbances was demonstrated. This analysis was performed under a subcontract to to Atomics International as part of the Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. AT(11-1)-GEN-8.
The Influence of Point Defects on the Mechanical Properties of Lithium Fluoride : First Technical Report: Lithium fluoride crystals were quenched into silicone oil from near the melting point. The return to an equilibrium structure during annealing was observed by means of mechanical tests and etching techniques. Crystals containing three levels of impurity, zone refined, commercially pure, and doped with 0.05 mole per cent magnesium, were used in order to separate the effects of foreign ions from those of thermal vacancies. The changes of mechanical properties produced by quenching and by subsequent annealing were generally attributable to point defect-dislocation interactions. Precision density determinations indicated that about 10% of the equilibrium concentration of vacancies at the melting point was retained at room temperature by the quench. The density could be restored to its normal value by annealing. Two important annealing stages were observed. At about 200 deg C the precipitation of impurities retained in solution by the quench caused a sharp increase in the hardness as measured at room temperature. Isothermal annealing revealed the hardening process to have an activation energy of about 0.5 ev which is probably the energy for migration of an associated magnesium ion-lithium vacancy pair. Between 300 and 400 deg C the removal of dislocations and probably vacancy clusters resulting from the quench caused pronounced softening so that the quenched-annealed crystals were softer than as-grown-annealed crystals. (auth)
Upper Atmosphere Monitoring Program : Progress Report No. 8 for May 1, 1959 through July 31, 1959: The overall scope of the program encompasses both research into the physical parameters involved in the collection of airborne radioactive particles and the development, fabrication and calibration of balloon-borne sampling equipment to enable the precise determination of stratospheric particle concentration and particle size distribution.
Progress Report for Period Covering January 15, 1960 - February 15, 1960: Thorium Procedure: As was mentioned in the last report, ammonium nitrate was substituted for ferric nitrate as a salting agent. Also, the acidity of the nitrate solution was reduced from 3.0 molar to 0.5 molar. the revised thorium procedure is described in the report. Radium Procedure: Work has ben initiated on the procedure of Petrow, Nietzel and DeSesa (Winchester Procedure) to determine if the procedure is suitable for very low level concentrations of radium.
Low Energy Nuclear Physics : Second Annual Report for the Period February 1, 1959 to January 31, 1960: The general expression for the angular correlation between radiations produced in successive cascade transitions is derived by use of Racah algebra. The result is then specialized to the beta - gamma correlation and applied to two cases in which additional properties of the photon are specified, the circular polarization and the plane polarization. The prospect of testing time reversal and determining nuclear matrix element ratios by beta - gamma correlation measurements is explored using the nuclide Tm/sup 170/ as an example. The directional angular correlation between the 2.31-Mev beta and the subsequent 0.605-Mev gamma emitted in the decay of Sb/sup 124/ was measured as a function of the beta energy. The K-conversion coefficient of the 279-kev gamma following beta decay of Hg/sup 203/ was measured by comparing the x-ray and gamma intensities in a scintillation spectrometer. The measured valve of alpha /sub k/ = 0.195 plus or minus 0.014 indicates that the transition is M1 with E2 mixed to the extent of 63%. The angular correlation of the 107-1.24 Mev gamma cascade in Zn/sup 68/ following the decay of 68-min Ga/sup 68/ is shown. The Legendre polynomial expansion coefficients were deter-gular correlation in the decay of Sb/ sup 118/ was studied between the 1.03-1.22 Mev gammas and between the 0.260-1.22 Mev gammas in an attempt to deduce the spins of the corresponding levels of Sn/ sup 118/. Apparatus: A linear amplifier employing triode pairs connected in cascade and R-C clipping was designed for applications to scintillation and proportional counter gamma and x-ray spectroscopy in the kilovolt region. The circuit design and performance are described. A wideband distributed amplifier which uses twelve 6688/E180F pentodes is described. Design, construction, and performance details are discussed. A thin lens beta spectrometer designed particularly for beta - gamma coincidence spectroscopy and angular correlation measurements was …
Research on Krypton 85 : Seventh Monthly Progress Report Covering December 1, 1959 to December 31, 1959: Work during this report period includes a continuation of the study of the effect of krypton 85 on the polymerization of styrene; an attempt at evaluation of the polymers produced; and the effect of krypton radiation on the electrical properties of gases, such as the rare gases, and nitrogen, and oxygen. the results obtained are summarized in the report.
Studies of Reactor Containment : Monthly Technical Progress Report No. 32: The report covers work performed during the period December 1, 1959 through December 31, 1959. The general objectives of the program of "Studies of Reactor Containment" are to accomplish theoretical and experimental investigations of the loads to which external containment structures for nuclear reactors are subjected in the vent of a violent incident at the reactor core, the evaluation of methods of reducing that loading, and the study of the response of and design criteria for external containment structures as a result of such loading. Progress of technical effort during the report period is summarized for each of the eight tasks of the program..
Results of Experiments Made With U.S.B.M. Electrocerium: Data obtained in test of Bureau of Mines electrocerium are presented. The cerium was subjected to spectrochemical analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, metallographic tests, and high-pressure experiments.
Biological Effects of Radiation, and Related Biochemical and Physical Studies : Semiannual Progress Report [for] Period May 1, 1959 - October 31, 1959: Progress reports from four divisions are included: (1) Division of Biophysics; (2) Division of Clinical Investigation; (3) Division of Nucleoprotein Chemistry; and (4) Radiochemistry Section.
Organic Coolant Reclamation Annual Report : December 15, 1958 through December 14, 1959: Potential methods have been examined for the reclamation of high boiler arising from the degradation of polyphenol materials in use as reactor coolants and moderators. To define the chemistry of potential reclamation processes, model polyphenol compounds were used. These include biphenyl, o, m and p-terphenyl, and p-quaterphenyl. Emphasis has been on hydrocracking, redistribution (reaction with benzene), and partial reduction. Preliminary study has been made of the application these techniques to high boiler from Santowax-OM used in the OMRE. The three methods show promise but require detailed investigation to minimize carbon formation to locate optimum operating conditions,.
Research and Investigation Leading to Methods of Generating and Detecting Radiation in the 100 to 1000 Micron Wavelength Range of the Spectrum. Quarterly Progress Report No. 15 for 1 September to 1 December 1959: Purpose of this research is twofold:: (1) to uncover new principles or techniques from which a CW source of electromagnetic radiation for the low millimeter and submillimeter wavelength range can be developed; and (2) to develop suitable detectors, components, and measuring techniques for evaluating and using the radiation as a diagnostic tool for plasma physics
University of Illinois, Graduate College, Digital Computer Laboratory, Technical Progress Report: The report includes summary reports in five areas (1) High-speed computer program, (2) Switching circuit theory, (3) ILLIAC use and operations, (4) IBM 650 use and operation, and (5) General laboratory information.

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