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open access

1985 Oil Production of 21 Oil Producing Non-OPEC Countries

Description: This report assesses the possibility of increased oil production from 21 less developed non-OPEC countries (excluding the Middle East and Mexico) by 1985. The forecast is compared with those prepared by the World Bank, the International Energy Agency, and others. The 21 Latin American, African, and Far East (including Asia) countries produce 2.5 million barrels of oil per day (BD) or 4.2% of world production, and they have 21 billion barrels of proved reserves, or 3.2% of the world total. In re… more
Date: March 1, 1979
Creator: Warner, Arthur J.
open access

Direct Overt U.S. Appropriations for and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, Fiscal Year 2002-Fiscal Year 2018

Description: This report provides a table of data outlining direct overt U.S. aid appropriations and military reimbursements to Pakistan including number for fiscal years 2002-2011 (combined), fiscal years 2012-2016 (individually), an estimate for 2017, and the requested amount for 2018.
Date: November 28, 2017
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan & Epstein, Susan
open access

The India-Pakistan War of November-December 1971: Background, Causes, and The Role of American Diplomacy

Description: This report discusses the November and December 1971, war between India and Pakistan over the persecution of Hindus by the West Pakistani army fighting East Pakistani rebels in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and their refusal to allow East Pakistan to become independent. The war ended with India's defeat of the West Pakistani army in East Pakistan and the recognition of the new country of Bangladesh. U.S. policy towards India and Pakistan is also discussed.
Date: April 20, 1972
Creator: Niksch, Larry A.
open access

Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons

Description: This report discusses the current status of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal, which probably consists of approximately 110-130 nuclear warheads. Chronic political instability in Pakistan and Islamabad's military efforts against the Taliban and al-Qaeda have raised concerns about the security of the country's nuclear weapons. Some observers fear that Pakistan's strategic nuclear assets could be obtained by terrorists or used by elements in the Pakistani government; however, U.S. officials have general… more
Date: August 1, 2016
Creator: Kerr, Paul K. & Nikitin, Mary Beth
open access

Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons

Description: This report discusses Pakistan's nuclear arsenal, which probably consists of approximately 110-130 nuclear warheads, although it could have more. Pakistan's nuclear arsenal is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking military action against Pakistan, but Islamabad's expansion of its nuclear arsenal, development of new types of nuclear weapons, and adoption of a doctrine called "full spectrum deterrence" have led to concern about an increased risk of nuclear conflict between Pak… more
Date: February 12, 2016
Creator: Kerr, Paul K.
open access

Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons

Description: This report discusses Pakistan's nuclear arsenal, which probably consists of approximately 110-130 nuclear warheads, although it could have more. Pakistan's nuclear arsenal is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking military action against Pakistan, but Islamabad's expansion of its nuclear arsenal, development of new types of nuclear weapons, and adoption of a doctrine called "full spectrum deterrence" have led to concern about an increased risk of nuclear conflict between Pak… more
Date: January 14, 2016
Creator: Kerr, Paul K. & Nikitin, Mary Beth
open access

Pakistan-U.S. Relations

Description: This report discusses U.S.-Pakistan relationship marked by periods of both cooperation and discord, which was transformed by the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States into the enlistment of Pakistan as a key ally in U.S.-led counterterrorism efforts. This report outlines key aspects of the U.S.-Pakistan relationship, as well as of Pakistan's economic conditions, political environment, handling of ongoing separatist violence, and nuclear nonproliferation.
Date: June 21, 2006
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan
open access

Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues

Description: This report outlines Pakistan's nuclear arsenal and continued fissile material production for weapons. Pakistan does not have a stated nuclear policy but its "minimum credible deterrent" is thought to be primarily a deterrent to Indian military action. Pakistani and US officials argue that Islamabad has taken a number of steps to prevent further proliferation of nuclear related technologies. Although instability in Pakistan has called the extent and durability of these reforms into question.
Date: June 12, 2009
Creator: Kerr, Paul K. & Nikitin, Mary Beth
open access

Pakistan-U.S. Relations

Description: This report summarizes important recent developments in Pakistan and in Pakistan-U.S. relations, including: high-profile political assassinations in early 2011; the Raymond Davis affair involving a CIA operative accused of murder in the city of Lahore; and the May killing of Osama bin Laden in the city of Abbottabad, among others. The report also summarizes key issues in the bilateral relationship.
Date: August 25, 2008
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan
open access

Pakistan's Capital Crisis: Implications for U.S. Policy

Description: This report discusses Pakistan's capital crisis. In the autumn of 2008, Pakistan was in urgent need of an estimated $4 billion in capital to avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. The elected government of President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sought short-term financial assistance from a number of sources, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), China, and an informal group of nations (including the United States) known as the "Friends of Pakistan."
Date: March 6, 2009
Creator: Martin, Michael F. & Kronstadt, K. A.
open access

Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues

Description: This report discusses Pakistan's efforts to produce fissile material and other issues related to nuclear proliferation and improving its nuclear arsenal. It also discusses the steps Pakistan has taken to increase international confidence in its nuclear security. However, continued instability in Pakistan has caused some to question the effectiveness of its nuclear security reforms.
Date: June 20, 2008
Creator: Kerr, Paul K. & Nikitin, Mary Beth
open access

Nuclear Weapons R&D Organizations in Nine Nations

Description: As an aid to Congress in understanding nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation, and arms control matters, this report describes which agency is responsible for research and development (R&D) of nuclear weapons (i.e., nuclear explosive devices, as distinct from the bombers and missiles that deliver them) in the nine nations with nuclear weapons and whether these agencies are civilian or military. It also traces the history of such agencies in the United States from 1942 to the present.
Date: March 16, 2009
Creator: Medalia, Jonathan; Kan, Shirley A.; Kerr, Paul K.; Migdalovitz, Carol; Mix, Derek E.; Nikitin, Mary Beth et al.
open access

Pakistan-U.S. Relations

Description: This report summarizes important recent developments in Pakistan and in Pakistan-U.S. relations. These include high-profile political assassinations in early 2011; the Raymond Davis affair involving a CIA operative accused of murder in the city of Lahore; and the May killing of Osama bin Laden in the city of Abbottabad, among others. The report also summarizes key issues in the bilateral relationship.
Date: May 30, 2008
Creator: Kronstadt, K. Alan
open access

Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues

Description: This report discusses Pakistan's efforts to produce fissile material and other issues related to nuclear proliferation and improving its nuclear arsenal. It also discusses the steps Pakistan has taken to increase international confidence in its nuclear security. However, continued instability in Pakistan has caused some to question the effectiveness of its nuclear security reforms.
Date: September 28, 2009
Creator: Kerr, Paul K. & Nikitin, Mary Beth
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