This report discusses the waste minimization activities for the Pinellas Plant. The Pinellas Plant deals with low-level radioactive wastes, solvents, scrap metals and various other hazardous materials. This program has realized cost savings through recycling and reuse of materials.
An advanced electronically ballasted lighting control system was installed in a portion of an office building to measure the energy and demand savings. The lighting control system used an integrated lighting control scenario that included daylight following, lumen depreciation correction, and scheduling. The system reduced lighting energy on weekdays by 62% and 51% in the north and south daylit zones, respectively, compared to a reference zone that did not have controls. During the summer, over 75% energy savings were achieved on weekdays in the north daylit zone. Even in the south interior zone, which benefitted lime from daylight, correction strategies and adjustment of the aisleway lights to a low level resulted in energy use of only half that of the reference zone. Although, in general, the savings varied over the year due to changing daylight conditions, the energy reduction achieved with controls could be fit using a simple analytical model. Significant savings also occurred during core operating hours when it is more expensive to supply and use energy. Compared to the usage in the reference zone, energy reductions of 49%, 44%, and 62% were measured in the south daylight, south interior, and north daylight zones, respectively, during core operating hours throughout the year. Lighting energy usage on weekends decreased dramatically in the zones with controls, with the usage in the north daylit zone only 10% that of the reference zone. A simple survey developed to assess occupant response to the lighting control system showed that the occupants were satisfied with the light levels provided.
An advanced electronically ballasted lighting control system was installed in a portion of an office building to measure the energy and demand savings. The lighting control system used an integrated lighting control scenario that included daylight following, lumen depreciation correction, and scheduling. The system reduced lighting energy on weekdays by 62% and 51% in the north and south daylit zones, respectively, compared to a reference zone that did not have controls. During the summer, over 75% energy savings were achieved on weekdays in the north daylit zone. Even in the south interior zone, which benefitted lime from daylight, correction strategies and adjustment of the aisleway lights to a low level resulted in energy use of only half that of the reference zone. Although, in general, the savings varied over the year due to changing daylight conditions, the energy reduction achieved with controls could be fit using a simple analytical model. Significant savings also occurred during core operating hours when it is more expensive to supply and use energy. Compared to the usage in the reference zone, energy reductions of 49%, 44%, and 62% were measured in the south daylight, south interior, and north daylight zones, respectively, during core operating hours throughout the year. Lighting energy usage on weekends decreased dramatically in the zones with controls, with the usage in the north daylit zone only 10% that of the reference zone. A simple survey developed to assess occupant response to the lighting control system showed that the occupants were satisfied with the light levels provided.
The following topics are discussed on the Brookhaven electron analogue: L.J. Haworth and E.L. VanHorn letters; Original G.K. Green outline for report; General description; Parameter list; Mechanical Assembly; Alignment; Degaussing; Vacuum System; Injection System; The pulsed inflector; RF System; Ferrite Cavity; Pick-up electrodes and preamplifiers; Radio Frequency power amplifier; Lens supply; Controls and Power; and RF acceleration summary.
The following topics are discussed on the Brookhaven electron analogue: L.J. Haworth and E.L. VanHorn letters; Original G.K. Green outline for report; General description; Parameter list; Mechanical Assembly; Alignment; Degaussing; Vacuum System; Injection System; The pulsed inflector; RF System; Ferrite Cavity; Pick-up electrodes and preamplifiers; Radio Frequency power amplifier; Lens supply; Controls and Power; and RF acceleration summary.
In the first funding period, we continued our work on elucidating the underlying principles that govern chemical reactions occurring on bimetallic and alloy surfaces. Our goal is to aid in the atomic level explanation of the reactivity and selectivity of alloy and bimetallic cluster catalysts and to provide a fundamental basis for the design of new catalysts with improved performance. Our approach is to use a battery of surface science methods to obtain fundamental data on the thermochemistry and kinetics of the adsorption and reaction of molecules on extensively characterized, single-crystal bimetallic surfaces. We measure changes in chemisorption bond strengths, adsorption site distributions, and hydrocarbon fragment stability and reactivity and correlate these results with the geometric and electronic structure of the metal atoms on the surface. Often, our aim is to carefully design experiments that isolate the several factors (e.g., ensemble and ligand effects) that control surface chemistry and catalysis on bimetallic and alloy surfaces in order to better understand the importance of each contribution. Some of the highlights and noteworthy accomplishments made during the first period of this grant are given.
In the first funding period, we continued our work on elucidating the underlying principles that govern chemical reactions occurring on bimetallic and alloy surfaces. Our goal is to aid in the atomic level explanation of the reactivity and selectivity of alloy and bimetallic cluster catalysts and to provide a fundamental basis for the design of new catalysts with improved performance. Our approach is to use a battery of surface science methods to obtain fundamental data on the thermochemistry and kinetics of the adsorption and reaction of molecules on extensively characterized, single-crystal bimetallic surfaces. We measure changes in chemisorption bond strengths, adsorption site distributions, and hydrocarbon fragment stability and reactivity and correlate these results with the geometric and electronic structure of the metal atoms on the surface. Often, our aim is to carefully design experiments that isolate the several factors (e.g., ensemble and ligand effects) that control surface chemistry and catalysis on bimetallic and alloy surfaces in order to better understand the importance of each contribution. Some of the highlights and noteworthy accomplishments made during the first period of this grant are given.
We have continued our work on elucidating the underlying principles that govern chemical reactions occurring on bimetallic and alloy surfaces. Our goal is to aid in the atomic level explanation of the reactivity and selectivity of alloy and bimetallic cluster catalysts and to provide a fundamental basis for the design of new catalysts with improved performance. Our approach is to use a battery of surface science methods to obtain fundamental data on the thermochemistry and kinetics of the adsorption and reaction of molecules on extensively characterized, single-crystal bimetallic surfaces. We measure changes in chemisorption bond strength, adsorption site distributions, and hydrocarbon fragment stability and reactivity and correlate these results with the geometric and electronic structure of the metal atoms on the surface. Often, our aim is to carefully design experiments that isolate the several factors (e.g., ensemble and ligand effects) that control surface chemistry and catalysis on bimetallic and alloy surfaces in order to better understand the importance of each contribution. In the past 18 months, we have continued to study how alkali promoters strongly affect the reactions of hydrocarbons on Pt and Ni surfaces by altering the electronic structure and inducing significant site-blocking effects. We have shown that bismuth coadsorption provides benchmark data on ensemble sizes required for chemical reactions on Pt and Ni surfaces. Surface alloys of Sn/Pt are being used for detailed probing of ensemble sizes and also reactive site requirements. 22 refs.
We have continued our work on elucidating the underlying principles that govern chemical reactions occurring on bimetallic and alloy surfaces. Our goal is to aid in the atomic level explanation of the reactivity and selectivity of alloy and bimetallic cluster catalysts and to provide a fundamental basis for the design of new catalysts with improved performance. Our approach is to use a battery of surface science methods to obtain fundamental data on the thermochemistry and kinetics of the adsorption and reaction of molecules on extensively characterized, single-crystal bimetallic surfaces. We measure changes in chemisorption bond strength, adsorption site distributions, and hydrocarbon fragment stability and reactivity and correlate these results with the geometric and electronic structure of the metal atoms on the surface. Often, our aim is to carefully design experiments that isolate the several factors (e.g., ensemble and ligand effects) that control surface chemistry and catalysis on bimetallic and alloy surfaces in order to better understand the importance of each contribution. In the past 18 months, we have continued to study how alkali promoters strongly affect the reactions of hydrocarbons on Pt and Ni surfaces by altering the electronic structure and inducing significant site-blocking effects. We have shown that bismuth coadsorption provides benchmark data on ensemble sizes required for chemical reactions on Pt and Ni surfaces. Surface alloys of Sn/Pt are being used for detailed probing of ensemble sizes and also reactive site requirements. 22 refs.
An intermediate-scale experiment is being carried out to evaluate instrumentation and models that might be used for transport-model validation for the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project. The experimental test bed is a 6-m high {times} 3-m diameter caisson filled with quartz sand with a sorbing layer at an intermediate depth. The experiment involves the detection and prediction of the migration of fluid and tracers through an unsaturated porous medium. Pre-test design requires estimation of physical properties of the porous medium such as the relative permeability, saturation/pressure relations, porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity as well as geochemical properties such as surface complexation constants and empircial K{sub d}`S. The pre-test characterization data will be used as input to several computer codes to predict the fluid flow and tracer migration. These include a coupled chemical-reaction/transport model, a stochastic model, and a deterministic model using retardation factors. The calculations will be completed prior to elution of the tracers, providing a basis for validation by comparing the predictions to observed moisture and tracer behavior.
This note describes: the rationale for the test pressure of the inner ECN cryostat vessel, the equipment to be used in this test, the test procedure, the status of the vessel prior to the test, the actual test results, and a schematic diagram of the testing set up and the pressure testing permit. The test, performed in the evening of July 17, 1991, was a major success. Based on a neglible pressure drop indicated on the pressure gages (1/4 psi), the vessel appeared to be structurally sound throughout the duration of the test (approx. 1.5 hrs.). No pressure increases were observed on the indicators looking at the beam tube bellows volumes. There was no indication of bubbles form the soap test on the welds and most of the fittings that were checked. There were some slight deviations in the actual procedure used. The UO filter was removed after the vessel had bled down to about 18 psig in order to speed up that aspect of the test. The rationale was that the higher velocity gas had already passed through at the higher pressures and there was no visible traces of the black uo particles. The rate of 4 psi/10 minutes seemed incredibly slow and often that time was reduced to just over half that rate. The testing personnel was allowed to stay in the pit throughout the duration of the test; this was a slight relaxation of the rules.
The preparation and study of an intense source of neutrinos in the form of neutron irradiated materials which are enriched in Cr-50 for use in the GALLEX solar neutrino experiment are discussed. Chromyl fluoride gas is enriched in the Cr-50 isotope by gas centrifugation and subsequently converted to a very stable form of chromium oxide. The results of neutron activation analyses of such chromium samples indicate low levels of any long-lived activities, but show that short-lived activities, in particular Na-24, may be of concern. These results show that irradiating chromium oxide enriched in Cr-50 is preferable to irradiating either natural chromium or argon gas as a means of producing a neutrino source to calibrate the GALLEX detector. These results of the impurity level analysis of the enriched chromyl fluoride gas and its conversion to the oxide are also of interest to work in progress by other members of the Collaboration investigating an alternative conversion of the enriched gas to chromium metal. 35 refs., 12 figs., 5 tabs.
Under the provisions of an Interagency Agreement between the US Army and the Department of Energy, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is evaluating the Utilities and Energy Monitoring and Control System (UEMCS) installed at the US Military Community Activity at Goeppingen, Germany. This evaluation relies on examination of existing data and information to determine the effectiveness of the UEMCS. The Goeppingen UEMCS is an integral part of a combined UEMCS/district heating system which includes the UEMCS at Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. The system was installed during 1985 and 1986. The UEMCS at Goeppingen and Schwaebisch Gmuend are both well designed, implemented, and maintained. The UEMCS is operated in a supervisory mode with distributed intelligence in local controllers. At present, the UEMCS is operated in a supervisory mode with distributed intelligence in local controllers. At present, the UEMCS at Schwaebisch Gmuend does not have a central computer, but requires only a dedicated phone line to couple with the one at Goeppingen. Though the conversion to district heat has produced the majority of energy savings, the UEMCS day/night setback program also contributes substantially, with additional savings from start/stop programs, such as seasonal switchover, and various temperature control programs. Further opportunities for savings exist in increasing monitoring and control of water usage and connecting the community's electrical network to the UEMCS, permitting demand limiting and increased power factor control.
Under the provisions of an Interagency Agreement between the US Army and the Department of Energy, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is evaluating the Utilities and Energy Monitoring and Control System (UEMCS) installed at the US Military Community Activity at Goeppingen, Germany. This evaluation relies on examination of existing data and information to determine the effectiveness of the UEMCS. The Goeppingen UEMCS is an integral part of a combined UEMCS/district heating system which includes the UEMCS at Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. The system was installed during 1985 and 1986. The UEMCS at Goeppingen and Schwaebisch Gmuend are both well designed, implemented, and maintained. The UEMCS is operated in a supervisory mode with distributed intelligence in local controllers. At present, the UEMCS is operated in a supervisory mode with distributed intelligence in local controllers. At present, the UEMCS at Schwaebisch Gmuend does not have a central computer, but requires only a dedicated phone line to couple with the one at Goeppingen. Though the conversion to district heat has produced the majority of energy savings, the UEMCS day/night setback program also contributes substantially, with additional savings from start/stop programs, such as seasonal switchover, and various temperature control programs. Further opportunities for savings exist in increasing monitoring and control of water usage and connecting the community`s electrical network to the UEMCS, permitting demand limiting and increased power factor control.
The use of foam in decontamination operations offers significant reductions in waste generation. Initial use has confirmed its effectiveness. Issues being resolved at Savannah River Site (SRS) include compatibility of foam generating solutions with decontamination solutions, waste disposal, and operational safety.
The use of foam in decontamination operations offers significant reductions in waste generation. Initial use has confirmed its effectiveness. Issues being resolved at Savannah River Site (SRS) include compatibility of foam generating solutions with decontamination solutions, waste disposal, and operational safety.
The hazardous waste/mixed waste HW/MW Treatment Building (TB) is the specified treatment location for solid hazardous waste/mixed waste at SRS. This report provides throughput information on the facility based on known and projected waste generation rates. The HW/MW TB will have an annual waste input for the first four years of approximately 38,000 ft{sup 3} and have an annual treated waste output of approximately 50,000 ft{sup 3}. After the first four years of operation it will have an annual waste input of approximately 16,000 ft{sup 3} and an annual waste output of approximately 18,000 ft. There are several waste streams that cannot be accurately predicted (e.g. environmental restoration, decommissioning, and decontamination). The equipment and process area sizing for the initial four years should allow excess processing capability for these poorly defined waste streams. A treatment process description and process flow of the waste is included to aid in understanding the computations of the throughput. A description of the treated wastes is also included.
The hazardous waste/mixed waste HW/MW Treatment Building (TB) is the specified treatment location for solid hazardous waste/mixed waste at SRS. This report provides throughput information on the facility based on known and projected waste generation rates. The HW/MW TB will have an annual waste input for the first four years of approximately 38,000 ft{sup 3} and have an annual treated waste output of approximately 50,000 ft{sup 3}. After the first four years of operation it will have an annual waste input of approximately 16,000 ft{sup 3} and an annual waste output of approximately 18,000 ft. There are several waste streams that cannot be accurately predicted (e.g. environmental restoration, decommissioning, and decontamination). The equipment and process area sizing for the initial four years should allow excess processing capability for these poorly defined waste streams. A treatment process description and process flow of the waste is included to aid in understanding the computations of the throughput. A description of the treated wastes is also included.
A per the DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC22-91PC90550 dated March 11, 1991, Public Service Company of Colorado has prepared the following quarterly report for Phase I, IIA, and IIB of the Integrated Dry NO{sub x}/SO{sub 2} Emissions Control System Project. This project includes Low NO{sub x} Burners with post firing air injection, humidification, and dry sorbent injection. This quarterly report covers the quarterly period April, May, and June, 1991. This report covers project activities for the second three months period of the project.
A per the DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC22-91PC90550 dated March 11, 1991, Public Service Company of Colorado has prepared the following quarterly report for Phase I, IIA, and IIB of the Integrated Dry NO{sub x}/SO{sub 2} Emissions Control System Project. This project includes Low NO{sub x} Burners with post firing air injection, humidification, and dry sorbent injection. This quarterly report covers the quarterly period April, May, and June, 1991. This report covers project activities for the second three months period of the project.
The major thrust of the research has been the quantification of the excited states of inorganic complexes that display potential for mediating charge-separation processes. Investigations of copper(1) mixed-ligand complexes have been completed. Non-equilibrated emitting states have been assigned. Chemical tuning of the emission energy by modifying the basicity of the donor ligand on the metal has been achieved. Structure-property relationships have been defined for crystalline complexes of zinc containing both diimine and monothiol ligands. Correlation of the spectral shifts with the rotations of the thiol phenyl rings in different crystal phases has been shown by comparing with extended Huckel calculations and x-ray structures. Complexes of zinc containing diimine and dithiol ligands are shown to be polynuclear species. A trinuclear species can be forced to assume a binuclear structure by incorporating other non-coordinating ligands into the lattice. The transformation is accompanied by substantial photophysical changes. Syntheses and x-ray structure determinations of platinum(2) complexes containing diimine ligands only, both diimine and dithiol ligands, and dithiol ligands only have been completed. An unusual platinum(3) bis(dithiol) species has been obtained and its structure determined. Investigations of the emission spectra of bis(bipyridine)platinum(2) have revealed the existence of multiple emitting states with both ligand-localized and charge- transfer characteristics.
The major thrust of the research has been the quantification of the excited states of inorganic complexes that display potential for mediating charge-separation processes. Investigations of copper(1) mixed-ligand complexes have been completed. Non-equilibrated emitting states have been assigned. Chemical tuning of the emission energy by modifying the basicity of the donor ligand on the metal has been achieved. Structure-property relationships have been defined for crystalline complexes of zinc containing both diimine and monothiol ligands. Correlation of the spectral shifts with the rotations of the thiol phenyl rings in different crystal phases has been shown by comparing with extended Huckel calculations and x-ray structures. Complexes of zinc containing diimine and dithiol ligands are shown to be polynuclear species. A trinuclear species can be forced to assume a binuclear structure by incorporating other non-coordinating ligands into the lattice. The transformation is accompanied by substantial photophysical changes. Syntheses and x-ray structure determinations of platinum(2) complexes containing diimine ligands only, both diimine and dithiol ligands, and dithiol ligands only have been completed. An unusual platinum(3) bis(dithiol) species has been obtained and its structure determined. Investigations of the emission spectra of bis(bipyridine)platinum(2) have revealed the existence of multiple emitting states with both ligand-localized and charge- transfer characteristics.
An electronic spreadsheet has been developed to estimate the maximum individual and population dose from chronic liquid releases occurring at the Savannah River Site. Environmental pathways include external exposure, resulting from recreational activities on the Savannah River and ingestion of water, fish, and invertebrates of Savannah River origin. Quality assurance principles are applied by protecting the spreadsheet from unauthorized change and providing version number, time and date on each page of output. Improvements have been made to LADTAP II`s fish and invertebrate consumption pathway model used to estimate population dose. Build-up of shoreline sediments is assumed to have occurred over the past 40 years, the approximate operating time of the Savannah River Site. Additionally, the swimming dose model has been improved by considering tritium absorption through the skin during submersion. Given a typical annual release, the skin absorption dose dominates the swimming and boating dose to both the maximum individual and population.
An electronic spreadsheet has been developed to estimate the maximum individual and population dose from chronic liquid releases occurring at the Savannah River Site. Environmental pathways include external exposure, resulting from recreational activities on the Savannah River and ingestion of water, fish, and invertebrates of Savannah River origin. Quality assurance principles are applied by protecting the spreadsheet from unauthorized change and providing version number, time and date on each page of output. Improvements have been made to LADTAP II's fish and invertebrate consumption pathway model used to estimate population dose. Build-up of shoreline sediments is assumed to have occurred over the past 40 years, the approximate operating time of the Savannah River Site. Additionally, the swimming dose model has been improved by considering tritium absorption through the skin during submersion. Given a typical annual release, the skin absorption dose dominates the swimming and boating dose to both the maximum individual and population.
The Natural Gas Monthly highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the natural gas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for natural gas production distribution consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting natural gas information. The data in this publication are collected on surveys conducted by the EIA to fulfill its responsibilities for gathering and reporting energy data. Some of the data are collected under the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), an independent commission within the DOE, which has jurisdiction primarily in the regulation of electric utilities and the interstate natural gas industry. Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
We introduce a new spatial discretization scheme for transport on arbitrary spatial grids in XY geometry. Our arbitrary'' spatial grid is composed of arbitrarily-connected polygons, each of which may have an arbitrary number of sides. We begin our derivation by imposing particle balance on every corner'' of each cell (Consequently, we call our scheme the corner-balance (CB) method.) We complete the derivation by introducing simple closure formulas that relate volume-averaged unknowns to surface-averaged unknowns in each corner. We discuss the relationship of the new scheme to discontinuous finite-element methods and to multiple-balance methods. We demonstrate that on simple grids, the method reduces to very robust schemes that have been studied previously. We discuss the theoretical performance of the method in the thick diffusion limit, and provide numerical results for that limit. We present additional numerical results from simple problems that test the new scheme in other limits. Finally, we offer some concluding remarks about the method. 9 refs., 6 figs.
Design studies for recombination x-ray lasers based on plasmas ionized by high intensity, short pulse optical lasers are presented. Transient lasing on n = 3 to n = 2 transitions in Lithium-like Neon allows for moderately short wavelengths ({le} 100{angstrom}) without requiring ionizing intensities associated with relativistic electron quiver energies. The electron energy distribution following the ionizing pulse affects directly the predicted gains for this resonance transition. Efficiencies of 10{sup {minus}6} or greater are found for plasma temperatures in the vicinity of 40 eV. Simulation studies of parametric heating phenomena relating to stimulated Raman and Compton scattering are presented. For electron densities less than about 2.5 {times} 10{sup 20} cm{sup {minus}3} and peak driver intensity of 2 {times} 10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2} at 0.25 {mu}m with pulse length of 100 fsec, the amount of electron heating is found to be marginally significant. For Lithium-like Aluminum, the required relativistic ionizing intensity gives excessive electron heating and reduced efficiency, thereby rendering this scheme impractical for generating shorter wavelength lasing ({le} 50{angstrom}) in the transient case. Following the transient lasing phase, a slow hydrodynamic expansion into the surrounding cool plasma is accompanied by quasi-static gain on the n = 4 to n = 3 transition in Lithium-like Neon. Parametric heating effects on gain optimization in this regime are also discussed. 18 refs., 6 figs.
The HFBR Unirradiated Fuel Shipping Container was designed and fabricated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1978 for the transport of fuel for the High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) for Brookhaven National Laboratory. The package has been evaluated analytically, as well as the comparison to tests on similar packages, to demonstrate compliance with the applicable regulations governing packages in which radioactive and fissile materials are transported. The contents of this Safety Analysis Report for Packaging (SARP) are based on Regulatory Guide 7.9 (proposed Revision 2 - May 1986), 10 CFR Part 71, DOE Order 1540.2, DOE Order 5480.3, and 49 CFR Part 173.
The HFBR Unirradiated Fuel Shipping Container was designed and fabricated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1978 for the transport of fuel for the High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) for Brookhaven National Laboratory. The package has been evaluated analytically, as well as the comparison to tests on similar packages, to demonstrate compliance with the applicable regulations governing packages in which radioactive and fissile materials are transported. The contents of this Safety Analysis Report for Packaging (SARP) are based on Regulatory Guide 7.9 (proposed Revision 2 - May 1986), 10 CFR Part 71, DOE Order 1540.2, DOE Order 5480.3, and 49 CFR Part 173.
This report summarizes the Savannah River Site (SRS) groundwater monitoring program conducted by EPD/EMS in the first quarter of 1991. In includes the analytical data, field data, data review, quality control, and other documentation for this program, provides a record of the program`s activities and rationale, and serves as an official document of the analytical results.
This report summarizes the Savannah River Site (SRS) groundwater monitoring program conducted in the fourth quarter of 1990. It includes the analytical data, field data, well activity data, and other documentation for this program, provides a record of the program`s activities and rationale, and serves as an official document of the analytical results. The groundwater monitoring program includes the following activities: installation, maintenance, and abandonment of monitoring wells, environmental soil borings, development of the sampling and analytical schedule, collection and analyses of groundwater samples, review of analytical and other data, maintenance of the databases containing groundwater monitoring data, quality assurance (QA) evaluations of laboratory performance, and reports of results to waste-site facility custodians and to the Environmental Protection Section (EPS) of EPD.
This report summarizes the Savannah River Site (SRS) groundwater monitoring program conducted in the fourth quarter of 1990. It includes the analytical data, field data, well activity data, and other documentation for this program, provides a record of the program's activities and rationale, and serves as an official document of the analytical results. The groundwater monitoring program includes the following activities: installation, maintenance, and abandonment of monitoring wells, environmental soil borings, development of the sampling and analytical schedule, collection and analyses of groundwater samples, review of analytical and other data, maintenance of the databases containing groundwater monitoring data, quality assurance (QA) evaluations of laboratory performance, and reports of results to waste-site facility custodians and to the Environmental Protection Section (EPS) of EPD.
This report summarizes the Savannah River Site (SRS) groundwater monitoring program conducted by EPD/EMS in the first quarter of 1991. In includes the analytical data, field data, data review, quality control, and other documentation for this program, provides a record of the program's activities and rationale, and serves as an official document of the analytical results.
Our work on single election transfer in coals led us to the knowledge that the energetics of bond cleavage in radical cations is 20-40 kcal/mole lower than the corresponding homolytic bond cleavage energies. Having made excellent progress in the other areas covered by this proposal, we are extending our studies to the investigation of the formation and cleavage reaction of radical cations in coals. The formation of a radical cation requires the transfer of an electron from a neutral molecule to an appropriate electron acceptor (oxidant). As a first step, we seek oxidants which will form radical cations from functional groups typical of those in coals. We must also study the decomposition behavior of bonds typical of those found in coals. Alkyl and alkoxy aromatic compounds were chosen as the electron donors because of their common occurrence in coals.
Our work on single election transfer in coals led us to the knowledge that the energetics of bond cleavage in radical cations is 20-40 kcal/mole lower than the corresponding homolytic bond cleavage energies. Having made excellent progress in the other areas covered by this proposal, we are extending our studies to the investigation of the formation and cleavage reaction of radical cations in coals. The formation of a radical cation requires the transfer of an electron from a neutral molecule to an appropriate electron acceptor (oxidant). As a first step, we seek oxidants which will form radical cations from functional groups typical of those in coals. We must also study the decomposition behavior of bonds typical of those found in coals. Alkyl and alkoxy aromatic compounds were chosen as the electron donors because of their common occurrence in coals.
In spite of the significant amount of work already reported in the scientific literature, many aspects of the origin of Banded Iron Formations (BIF) remain enigmatic. The authors demonstrate that mineralogic microbanding in BIF is accompanied by autocorrelated isotopic microbanding of organic carbon and carbonate carbon and oxygen. They propose that these isotopic patterns formed as a result of episodic mixing of waters in the depositional environment of BIF.
For the summer quarter, progress is summarized and data are presented on the following: well test analysis of finite-conductivity fractures, theoretical investigation of adsorption phenomena, and optimization of reinjection strategy. For the fall quarter, activity focused on the adsorption and well testing projects. A new project investigating reinjection at the Geysers was initiated. (MHR)
For the summer quarter, progress is summarized and data are presented on the following: well test analysis of finite-conductivity fractures, theoretical investigation of adsorption phenomena, and optimization of reinjection strategy. For the fall quarter, activity focused on the adsorption and well testing projects. A new project investigating reinjection at the Geysers was initiated. (MHR)
Under certain assumed accidents, an SRS reactor may lose most of its bulk moderator while maintaining flow to fuel assemblies. If this occurs immediately after operation at power, components normally dependent on convective heat transfer to the moderator will heat up with the possibility of melting that component. One component at risk is the currently used cadmium safety rod. A substitute safety rod consisting solely of sintered B{sub 4}C and stainless steel has been designed which is capable of withstanding much higher temperatures. This memorandum provides the physics basis for the adequacy of the rod for reactor shutdown and provides a set of criteria for acceptance in the NTG tests. This memorandum provides physics data for other aspects of operation. These include: Heat production and helium production, along with related phenomena, resulting from inadvertent irradiation at power. Gamma heat input under drained tank conditions. An equivalent rod design suitable for charge design and safety analyses. Degradation under normal operation. Thermal flux ripple in adjacent fuel due to axial striping of alternate B{sub 4}C and steel pellets. Possible effect on safety analyses. Safety rod withdrawal during reactor startup.
Under certain assumed accidents, an SRS reactor may lose most of its bulk moderator while maintaining flow to fuel assemblies. If this occurs immediately after operation at power, components normally dependent on convective heat transfer to the moderator will heat up with the possibility of melting that component. One component at risk is the currently used cadmium safety rod. A substitute safety rod consisting solely of sintered B{sub 4}C and stainless steel has been designed which is capable of withstanding much higher temperatures. This memorandum provides the physics basis for the adequacy of the rod for reactor shutdown and provides a set of criteria for acceptance in the NTG tests. This memorandum provides physics data for other aspects of operation. These include: Heat production and helium production, along with related phenomena, resulting from inadvertent irradiation at power. Gamma heat input under drained tank conditions. An equivalent rod design suitable for charge design and safety analyses. Degradation under normal operation. Thermal flux ripple in adjacent fuel due to axial striping of alternate B{sub 4}C and steel pellets. Possible effect on safety analyses. Safety rod withdrawal during reactor startup.
This investigation consisted of collecting 24 soil samples, 12 from a depth of 5 inches and 12 from 6 feet, and analyzing each one for 9 heavy metals, plus Hexavalent Chromium, 5 anions, and 4 cations. These tests were conducted to establish the composition of the soil from within the pit (samples, test no.1 thru 10) and from two sites outside the pit area (control no.1 and 2). The results would determine whether the pit closure continued to satisfy federal, state and/or local regulations, or whether additional analytical work was called for to establish if follow-up remediation was required.
Current and future needs in automative, aircraft, space, military, and well logging industries require operation of electronics at higher temperatures than today's accepted limit of 395 K. Without the availability of high-temperature electronics, many systems must operate under derated conditions or must accept severe mass penalties required by coolant systems to maintain electronic temperatures below critical levels. This paper presents ongoing research and development in the electronics community to bring high-temperature electronics to commercial realization. Much of this work was recently reviewed at the First International High-Temperature Electronics Conference held 16--20 June 1991 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 4 refs., 1 tab.
This project is designed to demonstrate in situ bioremediation of groundwater and sediment contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Indigenous microorganisms will be simulated to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and their daughter products in situ by addition of nutrients to the contaminated zone. in situ biodegradation is a highly attractive technology for remediation because contaminants are destroyed, not simply moved to another location or immobilized, thus decreasing costs, risks, and time, while increasing efficiency and public and regulatory acceptability. Bioremediation has been found to be among the least costly technologies in applications where it will work.
A meeting was held on October 15, 16, 17, 1990 to discuss the state of tritium safety and environmental effects. The meeting was organized with the help of the International Energy Agency planning committee consisting of K. Steinmetz, Y. Seki, G. Nardella, and G. Vivian. Representative of tritium production facilities and heavy water reactor power production were also involved. The meeting was organized to address seven topics in tritium safety that were thought to require further work. The topics were: (1) materials science, (2) environmental models, (3) environmental model validation, (4) tritiated organic compounds, (5) human dosimetry, (6) tritium sampling and measurement, and (7) long-term environmental databases.
A meeting was held on October 15, 16, 17, 1990 to discuss the state of tritium safety and environmental effects. The meeting was organized with the help of the International Energy Agency planning committee consisting of K. Steinmetz, Y. Seki, G. Nardella, and G. Vivian. Representative of tritium production facilities and heavy water reactor power production were also involved. The meeting was organized to address seven topics in tritium safety that were thought to require further work. The topics were: (1) materials science, (2) environmental models, (3) environmental model validation, (4) tritiated organic compounds, (5) human dosimetry, (6) tritium sampling and measurement, and (7) long-term environmental databases.
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