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- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- European Union's Arms Control Regime and Arms Exports to China: Background and Legal Analysis
- This report provides detailed background and legal analysis of the nature of the current European Union embargo on arms exports to China. It also provides detailed background on the European Union’s current Code of Conduct on Arms Exports. A strengthened version of the Code would be one of the control mechanisms that would remain should the EU lift the embargo on arms exports to China. This report also gives information on recent EU arms exports authorized for China. It further summarizes U.S. concerns regarding the lifting of the arms embargo, and notes the prospective timing of EU action on the embargo issue.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- European Union’s Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy
- Overall, there are two sets of questions for Congress in examining U.S. policy toward the fate of the EU’s arms embargo on China. What are the implications for U.S. interests in trans-Atlantic relations and China? If U.S. interests are adversely affected, what are some options for Congress to discourage the EU from lifting its arms embargo on China and, if it is lifted, to protect U.S. national security interests in both Asia and Europe? Issues raised by these questions are the subject of this CRS Report.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- Agriculture Support Mechanisms in the European Union: A Comparison with the United States
- The European Union (EU), comprised of 15 member states (countries), is one of the United States’ chief agricultural trading partners and also a major competitor in world markets. Both heavily support their agricultural sectors, with a large share of such support concentrated on wheat, feed grains, cotton, oilseeds, sugar, dairy, and tobacco. However, the EU provides more extensive support to a broader range of farm and food products. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the EU and United States in 2001 together accounted for nearly two-thirds of all government support to agriculture among the major developed economies. However, EU agricultural spending generally is much higher than in the United States. Information comparing how the U.S. and EU governments support their producers is expected to be of interest to policymakers while negotiations are underway among world trading partners to further reform agricultural trade.
- Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute
- In May 2003, the United States, Canada, and Argentina initiated a formal challenge before the World Trade Organization (WTO) of the European Union’s (EU’s) de facto moratorium on approving new agricultural biotechnology products, in place since 1998. Although the EU effectively lifted the moratorium in May 2004 by approving a genetically engineered (GE) corn variety, the three countries are pursuing the case, in part because a number of EU member states continue to block approved biotech products. Because of delays, the WTO is expected to decide the case by December 2005. The moratorium reportedly cost U.S. corn growers some $300 million in exports to the EU annually. The EU moratorium, U.S. officials contend, threatened other agricultural exports not only to the EU, but also to other parts of the world where the EU approach to regulating agricultural biotechnology is taking hold.
- Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute
- In May 2003, the United States, Canada, and Argentina initiated a formal challenge before the World Trade Organization (WTO) of the European Union’s (EU’s) de facto moratorium on approving new agricultural biotechnology products, in place since 1998. Although the EU effectively lifted the moratorium in May 2004 by approving a genetically engineered (GE) corn variety, the three countries are pursuing the case, in part because a number of EU member states continue to block approved biotech products. Because of delays, the WTO is expected to decide the case by December 2005. The moratorium reportedly cost U.S. corn growers some $300 million in exports to the EU annually. The EU moratorium, U.S. officials contend, threatened other agricultural exports not only to the EU, but also to other parts of the world where the EU approach to regulating agricultural biotechnology is taking hold.
- Green Payments in U.S. and European Union Agricultural Policy
- This report compares current United States and European Union (EU) efforts in the area of green payments. Green payments refer to "payments made to agricultural producers as compensation for environmental benefits that accrue at levels beyond what producers might otherwise achieve under existing market and regulatory conditions" (summary). The report gives an overview of policies, programs, financing, and various other aspects of comparison related to the topic.
- Newsmap. Monday, November 16, 1942 : week of November 6 to November 13
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: North Africa, Libya, Southern Europe, New Guinea, Solomons, Russia, Aleutians, Far East waters, Madagascar. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Smaller map (3 insets): Invasion of Africa. Photographs: Practice led to invasion -- Tanks land for beach operation -- German planes caught by long-range fighters -- Captured Nazi officers perch on hood of British jeep. Back: Why we fight! Also includes photographs.
- Newsmap. Monday, August 9, 1943 : week of July 29 to August 5, 204th week of the war, 86th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Italy, Sicily, Rumania, Russia, Germany, Burma-China, Southwest Pacific. Map: Strategic air distances across the Mediterranean./ Relief shown by hachures. Photographs: Army engineers work in the Aluetians; A Tommy reads "Soldier's guide to Sicily"; Royal Artillery Detachment stationed north of Syracuse, Sicily examines damage done by Italians to a mobile anti-aircraft train; Nazis surrender to U.S. Infantrymen near Carlentini; Junkers-290 transport shot down by an RAF Marauder near the coast of Bastia, Corsica; U.S. Marines push a generator into position near Munda; Japanese interpreters of the U.S. Army decipher papers found on a wounded Japanese officer; A winch pulls a mud-splattered jeep free on Rendova; 155mm rifle sends rounds into Munda from Rendova Island. Back: [text and ill.]: The long, tough fight ahead : beyond sunny Italy!/ Back text includes quote from the President of the United States, July 28, 1943: "I confess that I myself am sometimes bewildered by conflicting statements that I see in the press ..."
- Newsmap. Monday, August 16, 1943 : week of August 5 to August 12, 205th week of the war, 87th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Sicily, Italy, New Georgia, Germany. Maps: The Eastern front ; Sicily and Calabria. Photographs: Action on the central front [Central Russia]; A bomber is bombed; Talking things over [Maj. Gen. Keyes and Lt. Gen. Patton, Gen. MacArthur and Lt. Gen. Kreuger, Gen. Stilwell and Maj. Gen. Chennault]. Back: Illustrations of Japanese war planes along with code names, dimensions, and recognition silhouettes.
- Newsmap. Monday, August 30, 1943 : week of August 19 to August 26, 207th week of the war, 89th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Italy, Russia, Kiska, Berlin, Conference, Burma, China, New Guinea, New Georgia. Maps show Russian front -- Southern Italy. Includes photographs: Kiska, Sicily. Back: Weapons of the German Infantry Division. 17 weapons are identified and described, including the size, maximum range, and number found in various German Army units. Each weapon is keyed by number to a battle illustration.
- Newsmap. Monday, September 6, 1943 : week of August 26 to September 2, 208th week of the war, 90th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Germany, Russia, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, New Georgia, New Guinea, Marcus Island. Maps show air offensive in western Europe, New Georgia Is., Russian front. Includes photographs: Army Air Forces report on Warnemunde; Tough customer [Gourmiers, Berber fighting men]; The first wave [Yanks at Rendova I.]. Back: Typical German infantry division. Illustration of a division with descriptive text keyed to the illustration. Regiments described including size, officers and enlisted men, types and numbers of weapons.
- Newsmap. Monday, October 11, 1943 : week of September 30 to October 7, 213th week of the war, 95th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Aegean Sea, Italy, Corsica, Russia, Norway, Southwest Pacific, Air offensive. Maps show Greece and Turkey, Eastern front, Central Italy. Includes photographs: Soldier killed by booby-trap, "Battleship X" is the USS South Dakota, Brenner Pass, Resting American soldiers following a battle in Munda. Back: Typical German infantry regiment. Illustration shows regiment. Text gives detailed description of Regimental Headquarters Company, Battalion Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Battalions, Infantry and Motorized Companies.
- Newsmap. Monday, October 25, 1943 : week of October 14 to October 21, 215th week of the war, 97th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Italy, Schweinfurt, Southwest Pacific, Burma, North Pacific, U.S. subs. Inset maps: Bridgeheads across the Dnepr River, [Pacific Ocean off coast of New Guinea], [Areas in Southern Europe providing targets for bomber forces], Operations begin in Burma. Photographs: Nazis use Soviet equipment and men in battle for Italy, Soviet soldier and RAF officer, Lieut. Col. Chesley G. Peterson, Salt Lake City, Fuel pipe lines, Fifth Army engineers, In the Naga Hills of northern Burma. Back: Photographic view of the world with the center at Berlin, Germany. Includes instructions for using a detachable scale that, when centered on Berlin, measures distances along any line running through Berlin.
- Newsmap. Monday, November 15, 1943 : week of November 4 to November 11, 218th week of the war, 100th week of U.S. participation
- Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Italy, Air offensive, Southwest Pacific, China-Burma, Submarines, Greenland. Maps: Eastern Front, Advance toward Rome, Southwest Pacific. Photographs: Moving into Lae, New Guinea; Jap bases in the South and Southwest Pacific; Rocket glider used against Allied ships during the invasion of Italy; Germans trying to hold up the advance of the Allied Fifth Army on the Naples-Benevento Road fastened these aerial bombs to notched trees; Italian bombs unloaded from a rail car at an airfield captured in Italy. Back: U.S. Army ribbons representing decorations and awards. Includes a large color illustration of the Medal of Honor.
- Newsmap. Monday, November 22, 1943 : week of November 11 to November 18, 219th week of the war, 101st week of U.S. participation
- Text describes action on various war fronts: Eastern front, Air offensive, Italy, Aegean Sea, Southwest Pacific, Losses. Maps: Battle area on the Eastern front, map showing main railways and international boundaries in Europe, Turkey and northern Tunisia. Photographs: Capt. Herman Bottcher of San Francisco receives the Distinguished Service Cross from Maj. Gen. W. H. Gill; British Eighth Army Tommy sets up quarters in an empty wine barrel with a pillow and bedspread near the Termoli front in Italy; Three Yanks look over a 32 cm. incendiary rocket captured in Sicily; Correction printed under photo appearing in the previous Newsmap shows rocket is an experimental model tested several years before; Army B-25 swings in low over a burning Japanese ship on Nov. 2 attack in Rabaul; Japanese machine gun emplacement on the Kula Gulf side of Kolombangara Island; Grumman Avengers and Hellcats line up on the improved Munda airstrip. Back: The world a polar projection, with modified extensions interrupted for southern Hemisphere: "This world map is designed to show the relative positions of land areas for air connections to the principal theaters of operations."
- Newsmap. Monday, November 29, 1943 : week of November 18 to November 25, 220th week of the war, 102nd week of U.S. participation
- Text describes action on various war fronts: USSR; New Guinea; Gilbert and Marshall Islands; Bougainville; Air Offensive; Italy. Maps: Berlin; Global map. Inset map: Areas under Jap Control. Photograph: An American Army Signal Corps telephone lineman repairs a line in Capriatti. Back : Surprise... a powerful weapon. Photographic sequence of a hatchet attack on a Nazi soldier illustrates text urging whole-hearted cooperation of all to guard military information.
- Newsmap. Monday, December 6, 1943 : week of November 25 to December 2, 221st week of the war, 103rd week of U.S. participation
- Text describes action on various war fronts: Italy, USSR, Germany, Central Pacific, Southwest Pacific, China, Plans. Inset maps: central Italy, northeast New Guinea, Action areas in central and southwest Pacific, Truk Is., Nauru, Wotje, Jaluit, Makin, Tarawa. Photographs: Australian Air Force Beaufighter, Sgt. Ben Kuroki of Hershey, Nebraska, Captured Soviet equipment, Rescued blindfolded Nazi. German built road in Isernia. Back: Text and 11 illustrations highlight the 11 general orders that must be known by sentinels.
- Newsmap. Monday, December 13, 1943 : week of December 2 to December 9, 222nd week of the war, 104th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Italy, U.S.S.R., air offensive, Marshal Is[lands], southwest Pacific, [Teheran] conference. Map shows Nazi-dominated areas of Europe. Photographs: Marshal Stalin, President Roosevelt, and Prime Minister Churchill at Teheran conference (4 photographs); The Air Offensive - 8th Air Force bombes en route - Target Bremen. Back: A sign of comradeship... Includes illustration and "Li'l Abner" cartoons.
- Newsmap. Monday, January 10, 1944 : week of December 29, 1943 to January 5, 1944, 226th week of the war, 108th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: U.S.S.R., Southwest Pacific, Italy, Air offensive Maps: Central Italy, Rumania/Poland, New Britain Island./ Inset maps: Cassino region; Chieti region. Photographs: Delivering supplies to troops in Central Italy, Gen. Eisenhower with Sir Charles Poetal and Sir Arthur Tedder after the Tehran conference, Gen. Sir Bernard L. Montgomery, and Gen. Sir Alan Brooke inspect Nazi prisoners on the Italian front in New Zealand; Germans prepare to evacuate the Crimea, Landing craft are protected by B-25 medium bombers at Arawe. Back: Illustration and photographs show the many ways Army nurses serve.
- Newsmap. Monday, January 24, 1944 : week of January 13 to January 20, 228th week of the war, 110th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: USSR, Italy, Air war, Southwest Pacific, Burma. Map shows Allied advances during the week. Photographs: Cruiser U.S.S. Duluth shortly before being christened; Petty Officer Alex Holgate acknowledges a voice order during gunnery exercises; Bows-on view of a 10,000 ton Independence class carriers; Jungle training involving .30 caliber air-cooled machine guns; Italian refugees pass disabled American tanks; Italian battlescape near San Vitore; Allied Military Government officials question an Italian wheat farmer; Quartermaster Corps sort through a mountain of shoes and clothes to determine what will be reconditioned; Nazis from the Hermann Goering Division are led into custody by Pfc. Ira O. Creed, of Johnson City, Tenn. Back: [text and col. ill.]: German Army uniforms [field gray, tropical, mobile troops, mountain].
- Newsmap. Monday, February 7, 1944 : week of January 27 to February 3, 230th week of the war, 112th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Central Pacific, Italy, USSR, Air war, Burma. Maps show Marshall Islands; Allied advances during the week. Photographs: Artillery technique in Italy; American helmets of the 25th Division and hats of a New Zealand brigade mingle at Vella Lavella; Navy mobile photographic laboratory comes ashore in the Solomons; African Goummiers of the Fifth Army don traditional gowns over American uniforms; Pilots of the 99th Fighter Squadron talk tactics; German transport vehicles retreat from the Soviet front; Photographer positioned where a .50 caliber gun would be mounted in a Navy reconnaissance Liberator; Soldiers stuff 250 pamphlets into each 25 pound shell in Italy; Fifth Army infantry battalion's 81 mm. mortars travel by mule in Venafro. Back: Jap army uniforms. Color illustrations of seasonal and miscellaneous uniforms of officers and men.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 233rd week of the war, 115th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Central Pacific, Southwest Pacific, Air war, Burma, USSR. Maps show air attacks from London to various sites in Germany; New Ireland; south Pacific; Truk Is. Includes photographs: "Island forts", Marine corps set up radio telephone sets at Roi Island, Leathernecks set up machine guns immediately upon landing, All-Negro Ninety-Ninth Fighter Squadron at Anzio, German prisoners disembark from an LST to a prison camp, wounded female Jugoslav guerillas arrive in Malta, General Sir Harold Alexander chats with Yank rangers near Cisterno. Back: Text states "In Mein Kampf, Hitler stated that his plan was to destroy France first, then England, after which he would have the United States cornered without a fight!."
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 234th week of the war, 116th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Western Europe, USSR, Finland, Italy, Southwest Pacific, Central Pacific, Burma. Maps show Current battle lines along Russian border and Rumania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland ; Central Italy. Includes photographs: Dauga Airfield after 5th Air Force B-25 medium bombers leave Japanese planes destroyed. Japanese captured by U.S. Coast Guardsmen off Kwajalein. Lt. Eugune R. Hanks of Gibbs, Idaho in his Grumman Hellcat fighter. U.S. tank officer explains the target to Gen. Eishenhower while Air Marshall Tedder watches. Gliders built in England for the Allied Forces. U.S. combat cars await dispatch on a field in the English countryside. Field Marshall Rommel inspects Nazi fortifications. British soldiers near the Garigliano River. Three "Yanks" at the Anzio beachhead. Mortar crew of the 36th division below Cassino. American paratroopers capture Nazi snipers. Pvt. Robert Steinmetz of Pittsburgh with a mule he rescued from an Italian farm. Composite aerial view of Italian coast including Anzio and Nettuno. Back: Luftwaffe (German Air Force) uniforms. Text and illustrations of Flying Suits, Miscellaneous Uniforms, Parachutist Uniforms, Continental Uniforms.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 235th week of the war, 117th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Western Europe; Southwest Pacific; Burma; Eastern front; Italy; U-boats. Maps: Burma: Burma map showing where Chinese and American troops are fighting; Burma map showing where Indian and British troops engage the Japs; Bismarck Sea; Insets: Manus. Includes 10 photographs. Back: Old sea dog learns new tricks; Anzio Harbor. Includes 12 photographs.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 238th week of the war, 120th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Eastern front, Burma, Western Europe, Italy, Southwest Pacific, Kuriles. Maps show Eastern Front; S. W. Pacific - Northern Bismarcks. Includes 9 photographs, 3 showing aerial incendiaries. Back: Southeastern Europe. Map.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 241st week of the war, 123rd week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Eastern front; Italy; air war; Southeast Asia; Pacific. Maps: Communications centers hit in the Balkans; Crimea. Includes 7 photographs. Back: Smoke. Description of 4 ways to produce smoke for combat purposes. 1 illustration. 9 photographs.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 259th week of the war, 141st week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts : France, Eastern front, Japan, Marianas, Southwest Pacific, China, Southeast Asia, Italy. Maps: France, Europe, Southwest Japan. Back: One way to "blow your top"--but for good--is to be booby-trapped. Text and illustration urge soldiers to avoid booby-traps by exercising care and remaining suspicious.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 262nd week of the war, 144th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts : France, Eastern front, Philippines, Italy, China. Maps: Europe; Where American 3rd and 7th armies joined forces [France-Germany]; Central Asia: China attacks/Jap drives/B-29 target [markers on a map of China near Chungking]; [Advances in Italy and the Balkans]. Photographs: Sgt. Lewis F. Clancy talks over old times with Petit Victor in Oise, France; B-24 Liberators are hit and downed by Luftwaffe in Austria. Back: A chronological series of maps illustrate the conquest and liberation of France [1939-1944]. Includes photograph: French children salute and wave at soldiers in an armored tank.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 264th week of the war, 146th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: France, Eastern front, China, Pacific, Italy. Maps: Eastern Europe; France; China front; Gulf of Genoa. Back: "If each of us wastes a pound of war material..." Text and illustration show that it isn't just money, materials or manpower that are lost. But, waste can lose battles and cost lives.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 266th week of the war, 148th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Western front, Balkans, Baltic, China, Italy, Pacific. Maps: Greece, China Burma, France, Belgium, Netherlands. Insets: Western Front. Back: Text and photographs illustrate Air Technical Service Command.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 267th week of the war, 149th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Pacific, Western front, Eastern front, Italy, China, the Philippines Maps: Germany, the Philippines, Italy. Back: Large map of the United States and adjoining portions of Canada and Mexico. Includes inset map of naval districts beyond the continental United States, population of the states, sixteenth census, 1940.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 243rd week of the war, 125th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Air offensive, Italy, Central Pacific, Southwest Pacific, Southeast Asia, Eastern front. Maps: New Guinea; Pre-invasion air offensive. Includes 7 photographs. Back: Four approaches to Japan [from Alaska, from China-Burma, from Manchuria, from the S. W. Pacific]. Color illustrations showing the 4 approaches from perspective above the globe.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 275th week of the war, 157th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Western front battle, Pressure on Budapest, German attack in Italy, Ormoc Falls: B-20s active, Far Eastern front. Maps: European front, The Saar, Hungarian front, Pacific action, Leyte area. Back: Text highlights "Preventive Maintenance" and describes the need to take care of ordnance equipment and "keep 'em rolling." Illustrations of 18 types of mobile ordnance are labeled.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 244th week of the war, 126th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Air war, Eastern front, China, Burma-India, Italy, Pacific. Maps: China-Burma; Sevastopol; Insets: Crimea. Includes 8 photographs. Back: Moscow to Berlin. Map.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 249th week of the war, 131st week of U.S. participation
- Front: Text highlights action on various war fronts: France ; Italy ; Pacific ; Eastern Front ; Balkans. Inset maps: The advance beyond Rome ; Europe ; The Normandy coast ; China. Photographs: American assault troops move ashore in northern France ; Canadians with bicycles disembark from an infantry landing craft. Back: Map of Germany and adjacent areas shows railroads, superhighways, rivers, and mountains.
- Newsmap. For the Armed Forces. 293rd week of the war, 175th week of U.S. participation
- Front: Maps: Okinawa Battle rages; Vienna taken; Europe; Germany; Italian offensive; Insets: Okinawa. Back: WAC: 3rd anniversary. Includes 8 photographs along with text descriptions and one cartoon by Sgt. Herblock.
- Climate Change: The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS)
- The European Union’s (EU’s) Emissions Trading System (ETS) is a cornerstone of the EU’s efforts to meet its obligation under the Kyoto Protocol. It covers more than 11,500 energy intensive facilities across the 25 EU member countries, including oil refineries, power plants over 20 megawatts (MW) in capacity, coke ovens, and iron and steel plants, along with cement, glass, lime, brick, ceramics, and pulp and paper installations. Covered entities emit about 45% of the EU’s carbon dioxide emissions. The trading program does not cover emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, which account for about 20% of the EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions. A final consideration for the ETS is its suitability for directing long-term investment toward a low-carbon future — the ultimate goal of any climate change program.
- European Union Englargement
- The European Union (EU) views the enlargement process as a historic opportunity to promote stability and prosperity in Europe. Although the EU maintains that the enlargement door remains open, "enlargement fatigue" has become a serious issue in Europe and some experts believe that EU enlargement may be reaching its limits. The status of EU enlargement is one of many transatlantic issues likely to be of interest to the second session of the 110th Congress. This report lists the various nations admitted to the European Union within the past several years and analyzes the enlargement issue in general.
- The European Union: Questions and Answers
- This report describes the European Union (EU), its evolution, governing institutions, trade policy, and efforts to forge common foreign and defense policies. The report also addresses the EU-U.S. and EU-NATO relationships, which may be of interest to the second session of the 110th Congress. It will be updated as events warrant. For more information, see CRS Report RS21344, European Union Enlargement, by Kristin Archick, and CRS Report RL34381, European Union-U.S. Trade and Investment Relations: Key Issues, coordinated by Raymond Ahearn.
- The European Union's Reform Process: The Lisbon Treaty
- In December 2007, leaders of the European Union (EU) signed the Lisbon Treaty, which seeks to reform the EU's governing institutions and decisionmaking processes to enable a larger EU to operate more effectively. This new treaty represents the latest stage in a reform process begun in 2002 and essentially replaces the proposed EU "constitution" that foundered after French and Dutch voters rejected it in referendums in 2005. In June 2008, Irish voters rejected the Lisbon Treaty, and have thrown its future into doubt. This report provides background information on EU reform efforts and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations that may be of interest in the second session of the 110th Congress.
- The European Parliament
- The 785-member, directly elected European Parliament (EP) is a key institution of the 27-member European Union (EU). Once limited to being a consultative assembly, the EP has accumulated more power over time. Currently, it plays a role in the EU's legislative and budgeting processes, and exercises general supervision over other EU bodies. Ties between the EP and the U.S. Congress are long-standing, and EPCongressional exchanges are expected to continue in the second session of the 110th Congress.
- Survey of Fallout Operations
- From Abstract: "The Laboratory has made a survey of fallout operations in the various countries of the world. The source of information has largely been the reports submitted to UNSCEAR forwarding data for their consideration. The abstracts are given in order of type of operation as shown in the table of contents."
- Properties of Typical Crude Oils From Fields of the Eastern Hemisphere
- From Introduction: "The analyses in this bulletin offer a means for judging the relative values of the foreign crude oils compared with familiar crude oils of the United States that have been analyzed by the Bureau of Mines method."
- Index of Oil-Shale and Shale-Oil Patents, 1946-56: A Supplement to Bulletins 467 and 468: (In Three Parts) [Part 3]. European Patents and Classification
- From Introduction: "This part of Bulletin contains 250 European patents that relate to retorting (and distilling underground), refining, and utilization of oil shale and its products. The largest single group, of which the majority was assigned to a single company, relates to fluidized handling shale. The patents are arranged numerically, and alphabetical list of investors and assignees follow them. A classified list of all the patents follows the author index of Part III. Parts I and II were published in 1958."
- An Index of Shale-Oil Patents
- From Introduction: "Work on this project was begun early in 1944; and the results with respect to shale oil are reported in this Bulletin. Since this bulletin is only an index to this large repository of ideas relating to the the treatment of shale oil, the material is presented in the form of short notices describing the subject material of each patent, which consist of an abridgment of the patent (if British or Australian) or a typical claim in the case of the United States or foreign patents."
- The European Parliament
- The European Parliament (EP) is one of the three key institutions of the European Union (EU), and the only EU institution whose members are directly elected. This report discusses the construction and history of the EP, its role in functions of the EU as well as internationally, various international supports and criticisms of the EP, and the EP's ties with the U.S. Congress.