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Findings: The Potential Future Risks of AI: Report explaining some of the potential risks associated with the future of artificial intelligence (AI) advancements to advise the U.S. President and the White House National AI Initiative Office (NAIIO).
Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Achieving Universal Health Coverage: An International Consultation on Ethics: Report detailing the discussion in a meeting of experts and representatives from international organizations on the topic of ethical concerns of using Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Includes a list of participants and the meeting's agenda.
Artificial Intelligence Action Plan: This report highlights the increasing prevalence and potential of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in various aspects of life, projecting a significant impact on the global economy by 2030. However, it also addresses concerns regarding the potential misuse of AI, such as infringing on human rights and exacerbating biases. USAID's AI Action Plan emphasizes responsible AI use, advocating for inclusive development and equitable application while prioritizing the strengthening of digital ecosystems and fostering global partnerships to shape a responsible AI agenda.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of Workforces in the European Union and the United States of America: Report on an economic study related to artificial intelligence: "This report is intended to highlight the economics behind AI-driven technological change with a particular focus on the institutional and policy decisions that will shape its future impact on the workforce. [...] Parts I and II of this report introduce AI and document its widespread adoption in the European Union and the United States; part III focuses on AI’s impact on labor; part IV contains case studies on hiring and logistics; part V concludes" (p. 3).
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0): This report outlines a framework for risk management in the context of artifiical intelligence including people, processes, infrastructure, and data.
Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People: White House Office of Science and Technology Policy has identified five principles that should guide the design, use, and deployment of automated systems to protect the American public in the age of artificial intelligence. The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights is a guide for a society that protects all people from these threats--and uses technologies in ways that reinforce our highest values. Responding to the experiences of the American public, and informed by insights from researchers, technologists, advocates, journalists, and policymakers, this framework is accompanied by a technical companion--a handbook for anyone seeking to incorporate these protections into policy and practice, including detailed steps toward actualizing these principles in the technological design process. These principles help provide guidance whenever automated systems can meaningfully impact the public's rights, opportunities, or access to critical needs
Artificial Intelligence: An Accountability Framework for Federal Agenices and Other Entities: This report describes an accountability framework for artificial intelligence (AI). The framework is organized around four complementary principles and describes key practices for federal agencies and other entities that are considering and implementing AI systems. Each practice includes a set of questions for entities, auditors, and third-party assessors to consider, along with audit procedures and types of evidence for auditors and third-party assessors to collect.
Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Benefits and Challenges of Machine Learning Technologies for Medical Diagnostics: Report discussing currently available machine learning (ML) medical diagnostic technologies for five selected diseases, emerging ML medical diagnostic technologies, challenges affecting the development and adoption of ML technologies for medical diagnosis, and policy options to help address challenges in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in health care (Part One). Part Two presents a framework for evaluating and promoting provider adoption of new AI-assisted diagnostic decision support tools (AI-DDS), centered on four integrated domains: 1) Reason to Use, 2) Means to Use, 3) Methods to Use, and 4) Desire to Use.
Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications: Report representing the results of a Comptroller General forum on recent developments in the area of artificial intelligence (AI) - and key implications regarding potential benefits, challenges to realizing these benefits, and resulting policy implications and research priorities.
Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications for Policy and Research: Statement discussing the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) over time, the potential future opportunities and risks of AI, and the future implications of AI on policies and research priorities.
Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Benefits and Challenges of Machine Learning in Drug Development: Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) is a set of technologies that includes automated systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, and decision-making. AI/ML has promising applications in health care, including drug development. For example, it may have the potential to help identify new treatments, reduce failure rates in clinical trials, and generally result in a more efficient and effective drug development process. However, applying AI/ML technologies within the health care system also raises ethical, legal, economic, and social questions. GAO was asked to conduct a technology assessment on the use of AI technologies in drug development with an emphasis on foresight and policy implications. This report discusses (1) current and emerging AI technologies available for drug development and their potential benefits; (2) challenges to the development and adoption of these technologies; and (3) policy options to address challenges to the use of machine learning in drug development. -- from Foreword
Science and Tech Spotlight: Deepfakes: Document summarizing deepfake technology and highlighting opportunities, challenges, and policy questions related to the development of this technology.
Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol: "This report will provide greater detail about the multistep effort devised and driven by Donald Trump to overturn the 2020 election and block the transfer of power. Building on the information presented in our hearings earlier this year, we will present new findings about Trump's pressure campaign on officials from the local level all the way up to his Vice President, orchestrated and designed solely to throw out the will of the voters and keep him in office past the end of his elected term." [Page X]
The Naming Commission - Final Report to Congress, Part III: Renaming Department of Defense Assets: Report summarizing the recommendations of The Naming Commission's findings as mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, which mandates the removal of names, symbols, displays, monuments and paraphernalia that honor or commemorate the Confederate States of America. "Part III of the Naming Commission 's Final Report .... contains recommendations for the disposition of all Confederacy-affiliated and named Department of Defense assets not already covered" in previous parts of the report. [Executive Summary, Page 2]
The Naming Commission - Final Report to Congress, Part II: U.S. Military Academy and U.S. Naval Academy: Report summarizing the recommendations of The Naming Commission's findings regarding military academies in the United States as mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, which mandates the removal of names, symbols, displays, monuments and paraphernalia that honor or commemorate the Confederate States of America. "Part II of the Naming Commission 's Final Report .... addresses assets on the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point and the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis." [Executive Summary, Page 2]
The Naming Commission - Final Report to Congress, Part I: United States Army Bases: Report summarizing the recommendations of The Naming Commission's findings regarding army bases as mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, which mandates the removal of names, symbols, displays, monuments and paraphernalia that honor or commemorate the Confederate States of America. "Part 1 of the three-part Naming Commission Final Report .... recommends new names for nine military bases (Fort Hood, Texas; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Fort Rucker, Alabama; Fort Polk, Louisiana; Fort Benning and Fort Gordon in Georgia; and Fort A. P. Hill, Fort Lee and Fort Pickett in Virginia), the disposition of all Confederacy-affiliated and named Department of Defense assets on those bases, and additional guidance for the nine bases." [Executive Summary, Page 2]
Management Advisory Report: Enhancing the Electronic Tax Law Assistance Program: Final report documenting the results of an audit review to identify enhancements and "best practices" to assist the Internal Revenue Service with replying to taxpayer questions more accurately and efficiently.
Hyperfragments produced by K^o mesons from K^+ charge exchange: "Stacks of C-2 emulsion were exposed to neutral k mesons. These were produced by the charge exchange, in dense material, of K^+ mesons from the Berkeley Bovatron. Hyperfragments were found in these stacks. It is concluded that the hyperfragments were produced by K^o2 mesons in the K^o mode. These were generated by the decay of the K^o1 component of the K^o beam as would be expected from the Gell-Man Pais scheme. Other possible mechanisms of production of the hyperfragments have been considered and shown to be unimportant."
Revision of Product Specification for Pwr Core 1 Blanket Fuel Rod Bundle (Ap 292570 Rev. 1): "The fuel rod bundle is a welded assembly of 120 fel rods and two supporting tube sheets. Each fuel rod contains 28 U0/sub 2/ pellets. Product and fabrication specifications for these bundles are given."
Corrosion Resistant Brazing Alloys for Zircaloy: "More than 80 experimental alloys and a few commercial alloys were used to prepare brazements of simple design for exposure in an autoclave to 600 or 680 deg F water. Alloys studied include alloys of Cu, Al, Ni, and Zr."
Corrosion Resistant Brazing Alloys for Zircaloy: "This is a progress report covering the first year of work on ARF Project B 080, "Corrosion Resistant Brazing Alloys for zircaloy". the objective of the work reported is the development of filler metals suitable for the brazing of zirconium base alloys in cases where the service environment of the brazement is to be high temperature water. The experimental approach has been necessarily a somewhat empirical one. During this first year of work some forty experiments of simple design for corrosion testing in 680 degrees F water. From these preliminary screening tests. Several allows have been selected for further study and possible modification. Results of preliminary shear strength tests of these promising alloys are reported. Metallography of the joints as brazed and after corrosion testing is shown. From the findings of this research, it is judged that there is now good reason to believe that acceptable alloys can be developed for the type of application contemplated. Plans for further work on this program are outlined."
Critical Mass and Neutron Flux Distribution: "Critical mass calculations for a reactor are given. The numerical calculations are shown for fission product poisoning, heavy element formation, temperature coefficient of reactivity and average neutron fiux distribution."
The Armour Dust Fueled Reactor (Adfr): "Study of the ADFR concept included experimental work on fuel dust suspension stability and redispersibility, erosion, and dust deposition using the fuel dust circulation loop. Some theoretical work was done in the areas of reactor safety and breeding."
An Investigation of Scaling of Zirconium at Elevated Temperatures: "Single crystals of iodide zirconium were oxidized to determine any lattice relationship existing between zirconium and the oxide overlay, and a review of experimental data and proposed theories to explain the oxidation behavior of zirconium was made. A method of measuring the rate and depth of gas diffusion in alpha zirconium was devised, and calculations were made for the temperature range 900 to 1200 deg C using samples scaled in air, oxygen, and nitrogen. The consumption rates at lower temperatures were estimated from solutions to the diffusion equation. Distribution of gas during scaling was investigated. In general, breakaway occurs at shorter scaling, and the growth rate increases as the impurity level of zirconium is raised and the scaling atmosphere is changed from oxygen to air."
The Armour Dust Fueled Reactor (ADFR): "Work has begun on the ADFR, a reactor using a new fuel form -- fissionable dust carried in an inent gas. Temperatures in the range 2,000 to 3,000 deg F appear feasible in an all-ceramic system. Experimental study of the fuel form was initiated, and a loop to circulate the fuel dust was constructed. Initial operation is encouraging. Theoretical studies were carried on in the areas of reactor physics, heat transfer, and safety."
Rapid Reading of Large Binary Scales: "A chart is presented for use in the rapid conversion of octal to decimal numbers. Tabulated data compare the decimal and octal systems, and decimal and binary numbers up to 19/sub 10/ = 10,011/sub 2/. Application of the data in reading scaling circuits is discussed."
Alternating Current Polarography: Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Data and Calculation Procedures: "The data obtained by a-c polarography, when used to determine electrode parameters such as heterogeneous rate constant and when used as an analytical tool, are evaluated. Certain aspects of the experimental approach both in measurement and calculation are reviewed. The importance and means of correcting for the series resistance of the cell system itself and of using equations which take into account the phase differences between the faradaic and capacitive currents are developed. Other topics reviewed include the nature of the dependence of the peak a-c on depolarizer concentration, effect of adsorption of depolarizer and electrode, and a simplified procedure for quantitative analysis."
Feasibility Study of Superflux Reactor: "The feasibility of a three-region aqueous homogeneous reactor designed to produce a maximum thermal flux at the center of 10/sup 16/ n/cm/sup 2/ -sec is investigated. Inner and outer regions of pure D/sub 2/O and an intermediate region of uranyl sulfate in D/sub 2/O are considered. Characteristics were calculated for the case R/sub 1/ = 40 cm, R/sub 2/ = 60 cm, and R/sub 3/ = 150 cm."
Engineering Report: "An evaporator system was developed and tested which will concentrate two types of non-radioactive wastes. The wastes were of the slurry type within initial concentration of 32% solids and a final concentration of 7O% solids by weight. Information concerning design practices for this type of evaporator, startup and operating procedures, methods of recovery from unexpected shutdown, and procedures for descaling was gained. The test waste was synthetic and not radioactive; however, the procedures were evolved for application to radioactive materials. In addition, over-all heat transfer rates as a function of temperature difference and the relationship between percent concentration and boiling point for the two wastes were obtained."
Technical Report No. 3: "Work towards the preparation of pure alkali halides is described. It was found that zone refining is an effective technique for the refinement of KCl. Four zone passed through one specimen of Harshaw KCl decreased its low- temperature conductivity by a factor of six. Kyropulos apparatus has been constructed to grow large single crystals in controlled atmospheres. It operates satisfactory in ambient atmospheres, but because of the high volatility of KCl at its melting point the viewing windows cannot be kept clear and large crystals have not been grown successfully in a controlled atmosphere. Only the simplest methods were used in attempting to prevent the deposition of KCl on the viewing and illuminating ports. In all other respects, the crystal growing apparatus is satisfactory. The last section of the report discusses the efforts made towards developing procedures of quantitative chemical analyses of the salts. Most effort has been directed at spectrochemical methods. The cathode layer technique was used to attain improved sensitivity but as yet a routine quantitative procedure has not been developed. A hollow cathode technique may improve both sensitivity and accuracy and work is being done along with the cathode layer method."
Correlation of Polarographic Walf-Wave Potentials With Nuclear Magnetic Resonance "Chemical Shifts": "Since nuclear magnetic resonance ''chemical shifts'' are considered to be good measures of electron densities in molecules, the extent to which they can be correlated with the polarographic half-wave potentials of organic compounds has been surveyed. To extend the applicability and interpretation of the proposed correlation, parallel correlation of E, with Hammett's sigma and Taft's sigma parameters were made, since both of the latter are also regarded as indication of electronic distribution at the reactive center. The data in general support the view that changes in half-wave potential with structure are due to both electronic and steric effects, as well as perhaps to adsorption phenomena. Significantly, NMR data obtained with one type of substituent could be correlated with E/sub 1/2 data for a similar type of substituent. New NMR data for aliphatic nitro and halogen compounds are reported."
Polarographic Reduction of Uranium (VI): "Previous studies of the effect of uranium species on the polarographic behavior of certain organic compounds indicated the advisability of further study of uranium itself. The polarographic reduction of U(VI) to U(V) in acid solution is very sensitive to both type and concentration of anion present. Consequently, the reduction was studied using perchlorate as a non-complexing anion and sulfate as a complexing anion. In HCLO4 solution, increasing the perchlorate concentration shifted E(1/2) to more positive potentials, which seem to correspond to junction potential effects. Increasing either HCLO4 or perchlorate concentrations increased the limiting current slightly, which can be attributed to a high rate of disproportionation of U(V); other factors, e.g., viscosity of the solution, tend to counteract the effect of the disproportionation. In sulfate media, UO2+ is not strongly complexed, the association constant for the U(V)-sulfate complex being 0.15, if UO2SO4 is the most stable uranyl sulfate complex present. The effect of acid on the stability of the uranyl sulfate complex confirmed the existence of the complex as an uncharged species. Limiting currents were pseudo diffusion-controlled, e.g., increasing the solution viscosity by increasing the electrolyte content decreased the current; this is due to the maximum disproportionation rate of U(V) having been reached at even the lowest sulfuric acid level investigation; increasing the anion concentration consequently slowed down diffusion."
Temperature and Phase Effects on the Photolysis of Ethyl Iodide: "The elementary steps in the photolysis of liquid ethyl iodide by light of wavelength 2537 A by determining initial rates of iodine production in the presence of added iodine and hydrogen iodide were analyzed at 25 and --70 d C to get information on the activation energies of competing elementary reactions. Investigations were also made of the effects of additives on the photolysis of glassy ethyl iodide at --180 d C, and evidence for the formation of trapped radicals during photolysis and radiolysis of the solid was sought by electron paramagnetic resonance measurements."
On the Calculation of Properties of Gases at High Temperatures: "The role of the potential of intermolecular force in determining properties of gases at elevated temperatures is discussed. Coefficients of viscosity and self diffusion, isotopic reduced thermal diffusion ratios, and second virial coefficients for helium, argon, and nitrogen at 1,000, 5,000, and 15,000 d K were calculated from extrapolated potentials and from beam potentials."
Progress Report No. XXIII: "Progress is briefly reported on studies in dielectric spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, high-field-strength research, ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics, semiconductors, single crystals, and ceramics."
Upper Atmosphere Monitoring Program: "An apparatus designed to test aerosol filter efficiency at pressures equal to or less than atmospheric and at linear face velocities of 5 to 1000 ft/ min is described. Aerosol collection efficiency studies were completed for IPC paper at 20,000 and 40,000 ft. Data developed in these studies indicate that ia the impaction and diffusion regions collection efficiency increases with altitude for all linear face velocities less than 800 ft/min. A propeller-type flowmeter, calibrated to measure the volume of air moved by a blower in a balloon-borne system, was flown on five separate flights to obtain air flow data. These data sre presented. Flowmeter air flow measurement data were approximately 10% lower than telemetered data."
Resin Attrition: "Uranium metal is produced by the bomb reduction of UF/sub 4/ with Mg. The slag from this reduction contains appreciable quantities of U, either in the metallic or the tetrafluoride form, in addition to the MgF/sub 2/. A process for recovering low enrichment U from this slag has gone into operation. A study of the causes of resin attrition and their relative magnitude both from an over-all point of view and with specific reference to the Higgins' Column and Dowex 21K resin is presented. Equipment was designed, assembled, and tested to investigate the effects of valve action, wall to resin and resin to resin friction, repeated chemical cycling, and column height. Certain mechanical properties of the resin beads were investigated, and some existing plant data were analyzed. A discussion of the probable mechanism of attrition and its contribution to the overall amount of attrition is presented."
The Sodium-Cooled, D2O-Moderated Rector (SDR): "For presentation at the 1958 Nuclear Congress, Nuclear Science and Engineering Conference, March 17The experimental program was focused on the problems of containing the Na, of providing a barrier material with low neutron absorption cross section and an ability to withstand the action of hot Na, of developing an arrangement of this material which is mechanically adequate, and of demonstrating that an integrated barrier system can be safety operated under reactor temperature and pressure conditions. Possible barrier materials were subjected to hot Na jets. Stainless steel, Zr, and Al withstood the jet very well- The experimental arrangements of other tests are shown."
Final Stress Analysis of FHR Seed I Core I: "The structural analysis of the PWR Core 1 Seed 1 under prescribed thermal and mechanical loading with the object of predicting the structural reliability of the seed during actual service is described. Static and fatigue tests performed on fusion-welded Zircaloy specimens are described, and the results of these tests are incorporated in the reliability study. The applied stresses in the seed during operation of the reactor are quite low except at the end welds. Here, based upon the test data, a safely factor of about 4 1/2 appears to exist for 6000 cycles of loading."
Annual Report ONR Project A-2049: "The objective of this program is to conduct a broad basic program of analytical and experimental research into the fundamental behavior of gas- lubricated bearings and to establish general design criteria for these bearings. The work to date has included both theoretical and experimental phases of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication phenomena, supplemented by a digital computer program."
The Influence of the Molecular Mean Free Path on the Performance of Hydrodynamic Gas Lubricated Bearings: "A modified Reynolds equation is derived for gaslubricated hydrodynamic bearings operating under ''slip flow'' conditions. Closed analytical solutions are given for a Rayleigh-type step-bearing and an inclined plane slider bearing for the case of two-dimensional flow. The influence of the molecular mean free path on the performance of bearings of arbitrary form is obtained by means of a small parameter, perturbation technique"
Progress Report: "This is the fifty-second progress report of the Laboratory for Nuclear Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Progress during the period December 1, 1957 through February 28, 1958 is recorded."
Diffusion in Metals: "Information concerning diffusion is presented, including a study of the relative rates of diffusion of Fe/sup 55/ and Fe/sup 59/ in Ag, diffusion of Ru in Ag, self-diffusion in AgCd and AgIn. chemical and tracer diffusion in Ag-alpha AgCd diffusion couples, the influence of pressure on diffusion in AgZn alloys, the energy of motion of vacancies in Au at high pressure, and ionic conductivity of alkali halides as a function of pressure and temperature. A list of publications containing diffusion information is also included."
Summary of All-Union Conference on the Application of Radioactive and Stable Radioisotopes in the National Economy and Science of the Ussr--1957 (Aec-Tr-2925 and Aec-Tr-3093): "A total of 418 abstracts from this conference and the complete text of five plenary session papers, as well as 55 abstracts from as All-Union Conference on Radiation Chemistry, have been made available in translation in AEC-tr-2925. Almost all of these papers deal with the actual applications of tracers or radiation in the national economy. The papers presented were divided into three major sections: isotope production and high-intensity gamma systems, technical sciences and industrial uses of isotopes, and biology, medicine, and agriculture. A short summary of the papers as to groups is given."
Electrical and Optical Investigation of Charge-Carrier Trapping in Rutile Single Crystals: "Low-frequency absorption centers, observed by electrical measurements in single crystals of rutile, can be produced by thermal quenching or optical irradiation in the edge of the eigen absorption region (600 A). They are observed when electric fields are applied parallel to the optic axis (crystallographic c axis) and are not visible with the field perpendicular to this axis. The temperature dependence of the principal dispersion indicates an activation energy of 0.18 ev. The centers can be explained by a localized electron transfer process along the optic axis. The introduction of silver and copper by thermal diffusion did not produce low frequency absorption spectra."
Photoelastic Study of Stress in Perforated Hemispherical Closures for a Pressure Vessel: "Photoelastic ''frozen stress'' tests were made of perforated hemispherical closures for a pressure vessel. Three different hole patterns were investigated. The ''circular'' and ''square'' arrangements of holes showed the highest peak stress, a value of stress + pressure of about 10 being noted in each. In comparison, the ''triangular'' arrangement of holes yielded a peak value of 8.20."
Elastic Scattering of Protons and Neutrons by Deuterons: "It is shown how a momentum space formulation of the p-d and n-d scattering problem makes possible a good calculation of the no polarization approximation. Calculations are carried out for a central Yukawn shaped Serber potential for values of the angular momentum L-o-6 in the energy range 0-95 Mev. These show that Born's approximation is not a good approximation at any energy, even for L-3. It is shown that a Fredholn approximation reproduces the results of the no polarization approximation for L > 1. The results are compared with those of Christain and Gammel and the experimental data."
Mechanical and Thermal Problems of Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors: "Some of the principal problems faced in the mechanical and thermal design of the Shipping port Pressurized Water Reactor core are discussed. The interplay of these problems with the requirements of other technologies is discussed, and areas which need more work are outlined."
Final Report of Seamwelding Development Program on Zirconium Can End Closures: "A satisfactory welding schedule for zirconium can assemblies was demonstrated."
Technical Progress Report: "Discussions on the high-speed computer program include test control design, core storage unit, magnetic drums and tapes, paper tapes, slow circuits, exponent and main arithmetic units, flow charts for arithmetic control, and speed independent designs. Work done in the circuit research program includes flow-gating systems tests and two-wire low swing circuits. Mathematical methods are described for experiments with a floating-point differential equation solver. Switching circuit theory developments involve simplification techniques for Boolean functions, estimates of the maximum number of prime implicants in Booleans functions oi N variables, a formal algebra for linear graphs, and a technique for obtaining all maximum nodal normal subgraphs of a linear graph. Automatic reduction methods are described for bubble chamber photographic data. The operation, programming, and usages of the ILLIAC and the IBM-650 are described."

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