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Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process
Description:
This report reviews the process and procedures that currently apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell major defense equipment, defense articles and services, or the re-transfer to third party states of such military items.
Date:
October 22, 2018
Creator:
Kerr, Paul K.
China's Currency Policy
Description:
This report provides an overview of the economic issues surrounding the current debate over China's currency policy. It identifies the economic costs and benefits of China's currency policy for both China and the United States, and possible implications if China were to allow its currency to significantly appreciate or to float freely.
Date:
October 22, 2018
Creator:
Morrison, Wayne M.
The Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program: Selected Issues
Description:
This report begins with a brief legislative and regulatory history of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program, with a brief description of how the program works. It also describes several selected program issues that have received recent congressional and stakeholder attention, issues identified in reviews of the program, and issues that have been raised by researchers, analysts, and other entities outside of the government.
Date:
October 29, 2018
Creator:
Hegji, Alexandra
EPA's Affordable Clean Energy Proposal
Description:
This report provides background information about the Clean Air Act (CAA) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the power sector, and also highlights some of the major components of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) "Affordable Clean Energy Rule" (ACE) proposal.
Date:
November 2, 2018
Creator:
Shouse, Kate C.; Ramseur, Jonathan L. & Tsang, Linda
Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Standards
Description:
This report discusses the amendments to the federal standards that regulate fuel economy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from new passenger cars and light trucks. The amendments were proposed by the Trump Administration on August 24, 2018.
Date:
October 11, 2018
Creator:
Lattanzio, Richard K.; Tsang, Linda & Canis, Bill
Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities
Description:
This report summarizes the election, duties, and responsibilities of the Speaker of the House, the majority and minority leaders, and the whips and whip system.
Date:
November 5, 2018
Creator:
Heitshusen, Valerie
The United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy
Description:
This report discusses the current political and economic landscape of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and its relationship with the U.S. The UAE has been a significant U.S. partner in Gulf security for more than two decades, and the alliance has deepened further in recent years in order to address multiple regional threats.
Date:
October 25, 2018
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
Global Trade Imbalances
Description:
This report discusses the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) July 2018 report on global trade imbalances that identifies countries with "excessive" current account balances and exchange rates that are "misaligned." The current account is a broad measure of a country's global economic engagement and is comprised of trade in goods, services, and official flows.
Date:
September 28, 2018
Creator:
Jackson, James K.
Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Description:
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Navy's Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program. A total of 32 LCSs have been procured through FY2018. For FY2019, the Navy is requesting the procurement of the 33rd LCS. The LCS program presents several oversight issues for Congress.
Date:
October 22, 2018
Creator:
O'Rourke, Ronald
Afghanistan: Legislation in the 115th Congress
Description:
This report summarizes legislative proposals in the 115th Congress that relate to U.S. policy in Afghanistan. Proposals address a number of issues including: 1) aspects of the U.S. troop presence in the country, 2) information that the executive branch provides to Congress, 3) the role of women in Afghan society, government, and the military, 4) purposes for U.S. aid, and conditions under which it can be obligated, 5) overall U.S. strategy in Afghanistan, including prospects for a negotiated se…
more
Date:
October 3, 2018
Creator:
Thomas, Clayton
The United States and the "World Court"
Description:
This report reviews the most recent International Court of Justice (ICJ) proceedings against the United States by Iran and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the implications for Congress of the Trump Administration's withdrawal decision.
Date:
October 17, 2018
Creator:
Mulligan, Stephen P.
Iran Sanctions
Description:
This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. The report tracks "implementation" of the various U.S. laws and Executive Orders as designations and imposition of sanctions. Some sanctions require the blocking of U.S.-based property of sanctioned entities.
Date:
November 6, 2018
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
Military Medical Care: Frequently Asked Questions
Description:
This report answers selected frequently-asked questions about military health care, including: 1) How is the Military Health System structured?, 2) What is TRICARE?, 3) What are the different TRICARE plans and who is eligible?, 4) What are the costs of military health care to beneficiaries?, 5) What is the relationship of TRICARE to Medicare?, 6) How does the Affordable Care Act affect TRICARE?, 7) When can beneficiaries change their TRICARE plan?, and 8) What is the Medicare Eligible Retiree H…
more
Date:
November 8, 2018
Creator:
Mendez, Bryce H. P.
Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Description:
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's program for acquiring new polar icebreakers -- previously known as the polar icebreaker (PIB) program and now called the Polar Security Cutter (PSC) program. The proposed FY2019 budget requests $750 million in acquisition funding for the program. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Administration's FY2019 acquisition funding request for the PSC program, and, more generally, w…
more
Date:
October 26, 2018
Creator:
O'Rourke, Ronald
Hurricane Michael: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources
Description:
This report provides a brief overview of emergency and major disaster declarations relevant to Hurricane Michael, and selected federal resources and links to CRS products related to Stafford Act declarations, disaster response, and recovery.
Date:
October 11, 2018
Creator:
Lindsay, Bruce R.; Reese, Shawn; Brown, Jared T.; Horn, Diane P. & Painter, William L.
Defense's 30-Year Aircraft Plan Reveals New Details
Description:
This report discusses the U.S. Department of Defense 30-year aviation plan released in April 2018. The yearly plan is intended to chart the direction of the aviation enterprise and is typically relatively short on specifics. By contrast, the most recent 30-year aviation plan is full of details on specific programs, including cancellations, life extensions, and new starts.
Date:
October 9, 2018
Creator:
Gertler, Jeremiah
Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Description:
This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Columbia-class program, a program to design and build a new class of 12 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy's current force of 14 Ohio-class SSBNs. The program was previously known as the Ohio replacement program (ORP) or SSBN(X) program. The Navy has identified the Columbia-class program as the Navy's top priority program, and wants to procure the first Columbia-class boat in FY2…
more
Date:
October 23, 2018
Creator:
O'Rourke, Ronald
What Legal Obligations do Internet Companies Have to Prevent and Respond to a Data Breach?
Description:
This report discusses obligations of Internet companies under both federal and state law. It also discusses several factors Congress might consider when weighing future legislation.
Date:
October 25, 2018
Creator:
Linebaugh, Chris D.
House Passes Bill to Amend the Federal "Crime of Violence" Definition
Description:
This report discusses the Community Safety and Security Act of 2018 (CSSA), which was recently passed in the House and which would amend the federal "crime of violence" (COV) definition.
Date:
October 11, 2018
Creator:
Smith, Hillel R.
Do Courts Have Inherent Authority to Release Secret Grand Jury Materials?
Description:
This report discusses the issue of releasing secret grand jury material. Although a long-established principle that has been deemed essential to the grand jury's functioning and independence is that matters occurring before it are to be kept secret, the Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) establishes exceptions.
Date:
October 5, 2018
Creator:
Foster, Michael A.
The National Popular Vote (NPV) Initiative: Direct Election of the President by Interstate Compact
Description:
This report monitors the National Popular Vote's (NPV) progress in the states. It includes sections that provide brief background on the electoral college, history of the National Popular Vote concept, more detail on the NPV initiative, pros and cons for the NPV, legal issues, and concluding observations.
Date:
October 25, 2018
Creator:
Neale, Thomas H. & Nolan, Andrew
NIH Funding: FY1994-FY2019
Description:
This report discusses funding for the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) from 1994 to 2019. The NIH is the primary federal agency charged with conducting and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It is the largest of the eight health-related agencies that make up the Public Health Service (PHS) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
Date:
October 15, 2018
Creator:
Johnson, Judith A. & Sekar, Kavya
Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government
Description:
This report describes Internet resources on major internship, fellowship, and work experience programs within the federal government. It is intended as a selective guide for students of all levels: high school, undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate.
Date:
November 1, 2018
Creator:
Bailey, Christina Miracle; Manning, Jennifer E. & Marchsteiner, Kathleen E.
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CRS Issue Briefs
2,221
2221
109th Congress
534
534
108th Congress
462
462
CRS Insight
437
437
110th Congress
416
416
107th Congress
337
337
CRS Legal Sidebar
260
260
CRS In Focus
241
241
111th Congress
221
221
112th Congress
208
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113th Congress
200
200
114th Congress
179
179
Fiscal Year 2016
170
170
106th Congress
164
164
Fiscal Year 2015
125
125
Fiscal Year 2018
125
125
Fiscal Year 2014
116
116
Fiscal Year 2009
109
109
Fiscal Year 2017
108
108
Fiscal Year 2010
95
95
115th Congress
93
93
105th Congress
91
91
Fiscal Year 2006
89
89
Fiscal Year 2008
87
87
Fiscal Year 2003
84
84
Fiscal Year 2000
83
83
Fiscal Year 2019
82
82
Fiscal Year 2011
73
73
Fiscal Year 2007
72
72
Fiscal Year 2005
71
71
Fiscal Year 2004
69
69
Fiscal Year 2002
60
60
104th Congress
58
58
Fiscal Year 1999
57
57
Fiscal Year 2013
53
53
Fiscal Year 2012
52
52
Fiscal Year 2001
50
50
Fiscal Year 1998
41
41
103rd Congress
37
37
92nd Congress
33
33
101st Congress
30
30
99th Congress
30
30
102nd Congress
29
29
91st Congress
27
27
98th Congress
26
26
100th Congress
25
25
Fiscal Year 1996
25
25
Fiscal Year 1997
25
25
97th Congress
24
24
95th Congress
19
19
96th Congress
19
19
Fiscal Year 1995
19
19
94th Congress
18
18
Fiscal Year 1994
17
17
Fiscal Year 1992
16
16
Fiscal Year 1993
16
16
Fiscal Year 2020
16
16
Fiscal Year 1990
15
15
Fiscal Year 1991
15
15
93rd Congress
14
14
Fiscal Year 1989
13
13
Fiscal Year 1972
12
12
Fiscal Year 1974
12
12
Fiscal Year 1970
11
11
Fiscal Year 1973
11
11
Fiscal Year 1981
11
11
Fiscal Year 1982
11
11
Fiscal Year 1984
11
11
Fiscal Year 1986
11
11
Fiscal Year 1987
11
11
Fiscal Year 1988
11
11
Fiscal Year 1971
10
10
Fiscal Year 1975
10
10
Fiscal Year 1980
10
10
Fiscal Year 1983
10
10
Fiscal Year 1985
10
10
Fiscal Year 1976
9
9
Fiscal Year 1977
9
9
Fiscal Year 2021
8
8
74th Congress
7
7
75th Congress
7
7
76th Congress
7
7
77th Congress
7
7
78th Congress
7
7
79th Congress
7
7
80th Congress
7
7
81st Congress
7
7
82nd Congress
7
7
83rd Congress
7
7
84th Congress
7
7
85th Congress
7
7
86th Congress
7
7
87th Congress
7
7
88th Congress
7
7
89th Congress
7
7
90th Congress
7
7
Fiscal Year 1978
7
7
Fiscal Year 1979
7
7
CRS Miscellaneous Publication
5
5
Fiscal Year 1969
4
4
Religious Holiday Fact Sheets
4
4
Fiscal Year 1965
3
3
Fiscal Year 1966
3
3
Fiscal Year 2022
3
3
64th Congress
2
2
65th Congress
2
2
66th Congress
2
2
67th Congress
2
2
68th Congress
2
2
69th Congress
2
2
70th Congress
2
2
71st Congress
2
2
72nd Congress
2
2
73rd Congress
2
2
Fiscal Year 1961
2
2
Fiscal Year 1962
2
2
Fiscal Year 1963
2
2
Fiscal Year 1964
2
2
Fiscal Year 1967
2
2
Fiscal Year 1968
2
2
Fiscal Year 2023
2
2
Fiscal Year 2024
2
2
Fiscal Year 2025
2
2
63rd Congress
1
1
Congressional Research Service
1
1
Fiscal Year 1946
1
1
Fiscal Year 1947
1
1
Fiscal Year 1948
1
1
Fiscal Year 1949
1
1
Fiscal Year 1950
1
1
Fiscal Year 1951
1
1
Fiscal Year 1952
1
1
Fiscal Year 1953
1
1
Fiscal Year 1954
1
1
Fiscal Year 1955
1
1
Fiscal Year 1956
1
1
Fiscal Year 1957
1
1
Fiscal Year 1958
1
1
Fiscal Year 1959
1
1
Fiscal Year 1960
1
1
Fiscal Year 2026
1
1
Fiscal Year 2027
1
1
Fiscal Year 2028
1
1
In Focus
1
1
Issue Brief
1
1
Legislative Reference Service
1
1
Selected references 1962 - spring 1968
1
1
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Afghanistan
296
296
Albania
7
7
Algeria
15
15
American Samoa
2
2
Antarctica
2
2
Antigua and Barbuda
1
1
Argentina
33
33
Armenia
51
51
Australia
36
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Austria
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Azerbaijan
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Bahrain
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Bangladesh
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Belarus
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Bolivia
28
28
Botswana
4
4
Brazil
45
45
Brunei Darussalam
15
15
Bulgaria
46
46
Burundi
3
3
Cambodia
9
9
Cameroon
2
2
Canada
91
91
Central African Republic
6
6
Chad
6
6
Chile
34
34
China
650
650
Colombia
82
82
Cook Islands
2
2
Costa Rica
8
8
Cote d'Ivoire
9
9
Croatia
11
11
Cuba
132
132
Democratic Republic of the Congo
21
21
Denmark
64
64
Djibouti
10
10
Dominica
1
1
Dominican Republic
24
24
Ecuador
29
29
Egypt
38
38
El Salvador
30
30
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10
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61
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8
8
Fiji
3
3
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64
64
France
94
94
Georgia
63
63
Germany
83
83
Ghana
5
5
Greece
77
77
Grenada
1
1
Guam
22
22
Guatemala
9
9
Guinea
11
11
Haiti
47
47
Honduras
37
37
Hong Kong
13
13
Hungary
61
61
Iceland
10
10
India
76
76
Indonesia
17
17
Iran
392
392
Iraq
408
408
Ireland
65
65
Israel
161
161
Italy
66
66
Jamaica
2
2
Japan
195
195
Jordan
69
69
Kazakhstan
9
9
Kenya
27
27
Kiribati
2
2
Kosovo
69
69
Kuwait
39
39
Kyrgyzstan
23
23
Laos
7
7
Latvia
59
59
Lebanon
52
52
Lesotho
2
2
Liberia
17
17
Libya
45
45
Lithuania
59
59
Luxembourg
61
61
Macedonia
14
14
Madagascar
7
7
Malawi
3
3
Malaysia
17
17
Mali
2
2
Malta
58
58
Marshall Islands
3
3
Mexico
177
177
Moldova
10
10
Mongolia
6
6
Montenegro
17
17
Morocco
17
17
Namibia
3
3
Nauru
2
2
Nepal
4
4
Netherlands
65
65
New Zealand
23
23
Nicaragua
14
14
Niger
3
3
Nigeria
19
19
Niue
2
2
North Korea
117
117
Northern Mariana Islands
1
1
Norway
8
8
Oman
20
20
Pakistan
96
96
Palau
2
2
Panama
46
46
Papua New Guinea
3
3
Paraguay
6
6
Peru
52
52
Philippines
26
26
Poland
63
63
Portugal
60
60
Puerto Rico
32
32
Qatar
22
22
Republic of the Congo
1
1
Romania
48
48
Russia
240
240
Rwanda
20
20
Samoa
4
4
Saudi Arabia
69
69
Senegal
3
3
Seychelles
9
9
Sierra Leone
1
1
Singapore
18
18
Slovakia
60
60
Slovenia
60
60
Solomon Islands
2
2
Somalia
29
29
South Africa
18
18
South Korea
117
117
South Sudan
12
12
Spain
65
65
Sri Lanka
1
1
Sudan
67
67
Swaziland
3
3
Sweden
65
65
Switzerland
3
3
Syria
136
136
Taiwan
93
93
Tajikistan
16
16
Tanzania
9
9
Thailand
12
12
Timor-Leste
6
6
Tonga
2
2
Trinidad and Tobago
1
1
Tunisia
13
13
Turkey
71
71
Turkmenistan
8
8
Tuvalu
2
2
Uganda
17
17
Ukraine
36
36
United Arab Emirates
37
37
United Kingdom
99
99
United States
17,133
17133
Uruguay
1
1
Uzbekistan
19
19
Vanuatu
2
2
Venezuela
52
52
Vietnam
61
61
Yemen
40
40
Zimbabwe
19
19
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Alabama
5
5
Alaska
61
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Arizona
6
6
Arkansas
3
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California
15
15
Colorado
4
4
Connecticut
2
2
Delaware
3
3
Florida
17
17
Georgia
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Hawaii
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5
Idaho
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Illinois
7
7
Indiana
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4
Iowa
3
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Kansas
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2
Kentucky
4
4
Louisiana
15
15
Maine
2
2
Maryland
3
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Massachusetts
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3
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Minnesota
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Missouri
2
2
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Nevada
1
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New Hampshire
1
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New Jersey
3
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New Mexico
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New York
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Texas
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1947
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2
1950
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1953
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1956
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1957
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1959
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1960
2
2
1961
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1963
6
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1964
4
4
1965
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12
1966
12
12
1967
26
26
1968
77
77
1969
131
131
1970
228
228
1971
200
200
1972
216
216
1973
149
149
1974
152
152
1975
187
187
1976
162
162
1977
104
104
1978
131
131
1979
17
17
1980
34
34
1981
60
60
1982
77
77
1983
73
73
1984
50
50
1985
37
37
1986
10
10
1987
62
62
1988
45
45
1989
7
7
1990
7
7
1991
29
29
1992
40
40
1993
67
67
1994
123
123
1995
146
146
1996
156
156
1997
287
287
1998
736
736
1999
439
439
2000
563
563
2001
1,153
1153
2002
2,162
2162
2003
3,003
3003
2004
1,912
1912
2005
3,222
3222
2006
3,330
3330
2007
2,809
2809
2008
3,668
3668
2009
2,129
2129
2010
2,321
2321
2011
2,076
2076
2012
1,798
1798
2013
1,666
1666
2014
1,900
1900
2015
2,077
2077
2016
859
859
2017
1,084
1084
2018
1,082
1082
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1st
1,549
1549
2nd
1,398
1398
3rd
1,534
1534
4th
1,370
1370
5th
1,510
1510
6th
1,479
1479
7th
1,454
1454
8th
1,468
1468
9th
1,405
1405
10th
1,528
1528
11th
1,252
1252
12th
1,407
1407
13th
1,392
1392
14th
1,484
1484
15th
1,482
1482
16th
1,358
1358
17th
1,357
1357
18th
1,325
1325
19th
1,351
1351
20th
1,521
1521
21st
1,367
1367
22nd
1,462
1462
23rd
1,415
1415
24th
1,366
1366
25th
1,310
1310
26th
1,368
1368
27th
1,323
1323
28th
1,412
1412
29th
1,304
1304
30th
1,313
1313
31st
795
795