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568 Report: Final report for a grant contract documenting information about the scope of the project and results.
An Algorithm for Construction Feasible Schedules and Computing Their Schedule Times: "An algorithm for the generation of feasible schedules and the computation of the completion times of the job operations of feasible schedule is presented. Using this algorithm, the distribution of schedule times over the set of feasible schedule—or a subset of feasible schedules—was determined for technological orderings that could occur in a general machine shop. These distributions are found to be approximately normal. Biasing techniques corresponding to “first come first serve,” random choice of jobs ready at each machine and combinations of these two extremes were used to compute distributions of schedule times."
Alternating Direction and Semi-Explicit Difference Methods for Parabolic Partial Differential Equations: "The energy method is applied to study the stability of two types of difference approximations to parabolic partial differential equations, the alternating direction methods Douglas, Peaceman, and Rachford, and a new semi- explicit method. Each difference scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable. These results apply to parabolic equations with variable coefficients, defined in cylindrical domains with an essentially arbitrary bounded base."
Annual Progress Report of Methods to Increase Burnout Heat Transfer: "Acoustic energy generated by mechanical or electrical signals and its effect on pool boiling of isopropanol were studied. Daring the course of the investigation, a method was devised to determine the amount of heat-transfer surface wetted by the boiling isopropanol. Plots of heat flux versus temperature difference for each frequency showed that the acoustic energy did not significantly affect the heat flux at burnout, but slightly increased the critical temperature difference. No general effect of frequency variation was found even at the frequencies of the "boiling songs" of isopropanol. The over- all effect of the acoustic energy was to disturb the vapor tending te coat the heat transfer surface. This was most evident from the absence of film boiling even at temperature differences far above the critical temperature difference. The application of alternating current to the boiling system gives promise of a self-regulating method to increase boiling heat transfer when required, and is the most significant new finding of this investigation. Two pertinent Russian papers were translated and are appended."
An approach to the study of solid state bonding: The program objective has been to investigate the possible similarity between a bond interface and a grain boundary. The criterion for establishing the similarity of a bond interface and a grain boundary was the migration characteristics of the boundary under the influence of controlled orientation, strain level, temperature and time. In addition, the orientation dependency of the "threshold", or minimum deformation, for bonding would have to be determined. The initial bonding studies were to be made by a "cold welding" technique; subsequently, elevated temperatures bonding would have been attempted. Migration of boundaries was to be observed by high temperature metallographic techniques.
Atom Arrangements in Some Iron-Aluminum Solutions, Report No. 1: "Short-range order coefficients were measured at 300 and 400°C for iron-aluminum alloys containing 14.8, 18.2, and 20.0 atomic per cent aluminum. These alloys exhibited a strong preference for unlike near neighbors. The short-range order was greater at the lower temperature and increased as the Fe 3Al composition was approached."
Bimetallic Casting: "Uranium and zirconium were bonded by melting the two metals in contact with one another in a bimetallic casting process. Tensile tests of specimens containing the original zone of interface between the two metals showed that all failures were at locations other than the interface. The coefficients obtained for diffusion between molten uranium and molten zirconium varied from 2.13 cm squared per day at 3,380 degrees F. to 9.17 cm squared per day at 3,510 degrees F. the activation energy for the diffusion process was calculated to be 182,000 calories per gram mole."
Bimetallic Casting: "The purposes of the program being conducted under the present contract are: 1) To determine the feasibility of cladding zirconium on uranium by a direct casting process. 2) To investigate the diffusion of liquid metals in the fusion zone."
The Boundary Layer Between a Plasma and a Magnetic Field - I: "The problem of a steady boundary layer or sheath between a plasma and a magnetic field is considered. A self-consistent transition layer is found which joins a uniform magnetic field at plus infinity with a collisionless field-free plasma region with arbitrary velocity distribution at minus infinity, i.e., a magnetic field profile is found such that the exact particle orbits in this field produce a current which gives rise to this field. An interesting feature of the solution is that, with any nonsingular velocity distribution at minus infinity, the magnetic field the plasma extends to infinity, exponentially attenuated, into the magnetic field region. The scale of length is the Larmor radius. Electric fields arising from charge separation in the case of particles of different mass are ignored."
Bremestrahlung in p-p-Collisions at an Energy of 150 MeV: The differential cross-section for bremestrahlung in p-p collisions at an energy of 140 Mev is calculated at the upper end of the photon spectrum. the only transition which is considered is the E2 transition between 1D2 and the 1S0 state. The Siegart theorem is used and influence of the Coulomb force between the two protons is neglected.
Broad Range Spectrograph for Use With the Rochester 27" Cyclotron: "A broad range nuclear spectrograph of the Buechner-Bainbridge type, which characteristic radius R-50 cm. has been constructed and installed for use in conjunction with the Rochester 27" variable energy cyclotron. For a given magnetic field, particles are focused over an energy range 0.63o‹E‹1.3Eo, where Eo is the energy of particles focused with orbit radius Q-R-50 cm. The resolution of the spectrograph ∆E/E is less than 0.2%. Particles may be recorded either in nuclear emulsions or in an array of solid state counters. Results of calibration measurements and typical nuclear data taken with the spectrograph are presented."
Calculation of Exact Eigenfunctions of Spin and Angular Momentum Using the Projection Operator Method: "The projection operator technique is used to generate electronic wave functions which are eigenfunctions of both spin and orbital angular momentum. All the functions which arise in the L-S coupling of any allowed system of electrons in a single s, p, d, or f shell are computed as well as some functions for a few electrons in the g-shell. In addition, functions arising in the coupling of electrons in different shells are obtained, and these eigenfunctions are of particular interest in configuration interaction studies of atomic structure. A few representative eigenfunctions are listed."
The Canonical Theory of Motion of a Charged Particle in a Slowly Varying Electromagnetic Field: "The canonical theory of motion of a charged particle in a slowly varying, static electromagnetic field is formulated. The Hamiltonian is written down explicitly in terms of the coordinates of the gyration and the drift. The method of approach is analogous to that of the canonical formalism with subsidiary condition as used in theories of collective motion in many-body systems, such as the motion of the center of gravity. In the lowest order of the perturbation, it is shown that the Hamiltonian for the drift motion averaged over the gyration phase is given by adding to the original Hamiltonian a potential term equal to the product of the magnetic moment and the magnetic field strength."
Cobalt (II) Halides as Electrolytes in Acentonitrile: "The electrical conductance of CoCl2 and CoBr2 from 10−4 to 10−1 mol/l over the temperature range 0–35°C is reported. The effects of water as trace impurity, and the halide common ion effect on conductance are examined. The properties of these solutes are also examined using spectrophotometry and transport numbers. Crystalline “solvated” compounds, of empirical formulae [CoX2(CH3CN)3]x can be separated from the saturated solutions. The magnetic susceptibilities of the crystalline substrates are in accord octahedral and tetrahedral symmetry for the cationic and anionic species in these “solvates”, the bonding in both being the spin-free type for divalent cobalt. From the optical properties of the solutions it is apparent that the “anomalous” properties of these electrolytes can be understood in a series of simultaneous processes under Mass-Law control, in which CoX2, CoX42−, Co(CH3CN)62+ and [Co(CH3CN) 62+CoX42−]° are predominant."
Comparison of Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization Untilizing Electron Accelerators and Isotope Sources as Radiation Initiators: "A comparison of the grafting of a 2:1 molar mixture of methacrylic acid and styrene to both polypropylene film and fabric using CO60 source and electron accelerator as sources of ionizing radiation is made on the basis of mutual or simultaneous grafting and post-irradiation grafting.
Comparison of Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization Untilizing Electron Accelerators and Isotope Sources as Radiation Initiators: "A comparison of grafting to two thicknesses of polypropylene film is made using isotope and electron accelerator initiation. The results indicate that the grafting of methacrylic acid: styrene to polypropylene is mainly a surface reaction."
Comparison of Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization Untilizing Electron Accelerators and Isotope Sources as Radiation Initiators: "Graft polymers were made by Co60 mutual irradiation of mixtures of styrene and methyl acrylate in contact Teflon. These graft copolymers were analyzed by infra-red absorption and their composition determined. The composition of the graft copolymer formed from styrene and methyl acrylate was different from that which is predicted by the copolymer composition equation."
Comparison of Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization Untilizing Electron Accelerators and Isotope Sources as Radiation Initiators: "A brief examination of the post irradiation grafting of machine irradiated polyethylene film with acrylic acid monomer was made. Evidence of postgrafting was detected in samples that had been irradiated to a total dose of 10 Mrads at a dose rate of 0.01 Mrad/sec. and then exposed to a 25% purified acrylic acid solution in benzene for periods of 1 to 4 days."
A Comparison of Radiation--Induced Graft Copolymerization Utilizing Electron Accelerators and Isotope Sources as Radiation Initiators: "The grafting of methacrylic acid, styrene (2: 1 mole ratio) co-monomer mixture on polypropylene film and fabric, was studied to compare electron accelerators and isotopes as sources of radiation. An aluminum block that contalns i/8-in.-deep pockets covered with Mylar film for holding sample and monomer during mutual irradiatlon was developed. A preliminary comparison was made in post grafting polypropylene film and fabric preirradiated with Cow and with an electron accelerator source. It was found that post grafting was rapid at 80 ts C but slow at room temperature. Monomer equilibration before irradiation increased the grafting rate. Higher grafts were obtained when samples were irradiated in sparged and sealed containers. The grafting rate increased as dose rate decreased."
Computer description APPR-1 simulator: The APPR-1 is a pressurized water reactor having a low specific heat fuel and a water primary coolant. The primary coolant loop delivers heat from the reactor to the steam generator. The secondary water in the steam generator is converted to steam and then taken to the turbine to drive an electrical generator. The simulation of this system is broken down into three primary areas: the neutron kinetics in the reactor which are necessary to generate the primary power function, the heat transfer in the reactor, and the heat transfer in the steam generator.
Conical Refraction in Crystal Optics and Hydromagnetics: When light propagates with the wave normal in the direction of an optic axis of a biaxial crystal, the usual ray theory breaks down. This phenomenon can be analyzed by means of an asymptotic solution of Maxwell's equations. The intensity is governed by a partial differential equation within the phase surfaces, instead of ordinary differential equations along rays. This example slows that light does not always propagate along rays. A similar phenomenon occurs in hydromagnetics.
Containment in Cusped Plasma Systems: "A survey of the current theoretical picture of plasma containment in cusped magnetic configurations is presented together with a mention of the points of contact which exist or might soon be made to exist with experiment. A theory of containment was developed which is applicable to the whole range of plasma densities from a tenuous plasma in an essentially vacuum magnetic field to a fully developed plasma which completely excludes the magnetic field from its interior. Also presented are cursory accounts of the situation with regard to stability, cyclotron radiation, and methods of creating this type of plasma configuration."
Contribution of Neutral Pions to Photon-Proton Scattering: "The correction to photon-photon scattering processes due to the existence of the particles other than electrons is reported. The correction is of the same order in the electric charge as the lowest order term in the perturbation expansion in quantum electrodynamics, although the relevant corrections to the electron-photon and electron-electron scattering are all of higher order."
Convergence of the Perturbation Expansion in Some Models of the Field Theory: "It is shown that in a class of models of quantum field theory, the perturbation expansion of the resolvent operator, (H - z)-1, converges for all complex z. The class of models consists of all theories with Yukawa coupling in which the vacuum polarization is neglected. The method used is that of comparison with the exactly solvable neutral solar model."
Coolball, a Machine Code for Thermal Analysis of Pebble Bed Reactor Cores: COOLBALL is an IBM 650 machine program designed to calculate local gas and ball temperatures, gas flow, and pressure loses as induced by non-uniform power generation and voidage within an axial flow Pebble Bed Reactor core. This code has been used extensively to study the thermal characteristics of Pebble Bed Reactor cores in support of a broad program for the development of the PBR concept.
Cosmogenic Carbon-14 and Chlorine-36 in Meteorites: In 1947 Bauer, and later independently Huntley (1948), pointed out that the helium content of iron meteorites as measured by Paneth and coworkers could be accounted for by the accumulation through cosmic-ray production rather then the decay of uranium and thorium. Bauer (1947) also predicted that the meteroitic helium should contain a significant proportion of He3. I was realized that by studying the effects of cosmic radiation on meteorites much could be learned about the history of meteorite and cosmic radiation. Chemical and instrumental techniques have been developed for the isolation, purification, and measurement of cosmic-ray-induced C14 in both stone and iron meteorites. The isolation of carbon from the silicate materials is done by fusion in an oxidizing flux in a vacuum system. From the iron meteorites the carbon is recovered by the decomposition of the metal in nitric acid in a closed system.
The Decontamination and Recovery of Precious Metals: "This report is the third quarterly report under Contract AT(30-1)-2528 for the decontamination and recovery of precious metals from contaminated scrap. The results described in [2nd quarterly report] and expanded in this report confirm the statement that the method achieves not only the desired decontamination but also produces a product of high purity. In addition the relative simplicity of the method makes it particularly adaptable to large scale manipulation."
The Decontamination and Recovery of Precious Metals: "This is the second quarterly report under Contract AT(30-1)-2528 for the decontamination and recovery of precious metals from contaminated scrap. the emphasis on the analytical chemical techniques and methods was continued during this report period."
Development of a Gas Injector System for Homogeneously Labeling Gas Storage Reservoirs: "The laboratory experiments and field testing which were carried out in the development of a homogeneous gas labeling device are described. Detailed drawings of the injector and its most critical components are included. Recommendations are made for a production model of the device along with estimated costs of construction."
The Development of Compression Waves in an Adiabatic Two-Fluid Model of a Collision-Free Plasma: "A generalized discontinuous solution was found for the adiabatic two- fluid equations in the steady state: it covers the case of strong shocks and enables a complete account to be made of the steady state solutions of these equations. By considering a piston problem using numerical methods, time dependent solutions of the equations were also found; these rapidly steepened and converged to the discontinuous steady state solutions whenever these existed."
Development of Isotope Dilution Techniques for Assay of Food Additives: "lsotope dilution techniques are described for the assay of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and organic phosphorus pesticides in foods. Results are given for the determination of tetranitro-DDT-dianilide, dianilide of tetranitro- DDE, dieldrin, systox, and derivatives of these compounds. "
Development of Techniques for Power Production From Mixed Fission Products: "An investigation was made into the various processes for the fixation of mixed fission products as solids in order to determine the extent they could be utilized as heat sources for thermoelectric generators. Generators of up to ten watts can be designed and built with state-of-art'' thermoelectric materials and mixed fission products soon to be available from the ldaho Falls calcination pilot plant. Mixed fission products from other processes and plants to be on stream'' in this decade will be capable of fueling practical generators into the kilowatt range using thermoelectric materials available in the same time period. A survey was made on current research and development efforts on waste fixation processes. Studies showed that a wide range of power densities (from 0.002 to 0.2 watts per cubic centimeter) will be available from calcined fission product wasted. An experimental program for the consolidation of low density, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant alumina type wastes is reviewed. Preliminary results indicated that densification factors of three to four are readily obtainable for such wastes."
Development of Techniques for Power Production From Mixed Fission Products: "Progress is reported on Phase II of a program for the development of a mixed fission product fueled thermoelectric generator. Materials studies are described in which bonded assemblies of bismuth telluride were life tested up to 3000 hours at 350 to 400 deg F hot junction temperature. Data were too inconsistent to define any satisfactory long-life bonding process. Further work is needed to eliminate the process variables. Insulation studies aimed at determining the thermal conductivity of various insulations with different fill gases under reduced pressures are described. Opacified aerogel powder appears to be very promising as an insulation medium for a diffuse heat source. A full- scale simulated test generator aimed at proving out the concept of a diffuse heat source for power generation is described. Progress on the construction of this electrically heated generator and its thermoelectric power converter is related.
Difference Schemes With High Order of Accuracy for Solving Hyperbolic Equations: "The limitation of the speed and memory of calculating machines places an upper bound on the number of meshpoints that may be used in a finite difference calculation. This means that in problems involving many independent variables (and for present-day machines, three is many) the mesh employed is necessarily coarse. Therefore in order to get reasonably accurate final results one must employ highly accurate difference approximations. The purpose of this paper is to set up and analyze such difference schemes for solving the initial value problem for first order symmetric hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations in two space variable."
Diffraction of Hydromagnetic Wave by a Half Plane: "In this paper we solve for the diffracted wave which results when a weak hydromegnetic shock impinges on a rigid perfectly conducting half plans."
Diffusion in Cobalt-Nickel Alloys, Report No. 4: The self-diffusivities of Co60 and Ni63 in cobalt--nickel solid solutions exhibit a greater activation energy below the Curie temperature (T/sub c/) than above. Values of DELTA Q = Q (ferromagnetic) -- Q (paramagnetic) are approximately equal to RT/sub c/. This observation is interpreted to indicate that the increment in activation energy arises from an increase in the formation energy of a vacancy in the ferromagnetic lattice, with the additional binding energy arising from the interaction of a spin with the Weiss field."
Diffusion of Fission Gases Through Uranium Oxide and Uranium Carbide: A program has begun embodying a study of the diffusion rates of krypton and xenon into unirradiated UO2 and UC at temperatures between 1000°C and 2500°C.The experimental technique is described in some detail, involving exposure of UO2 and UC samples to a Kr85 atmosphere at various temperatures, removal of surface-adsorbed krypton, dissolution of the sample, collection and ion chamber measurement of the diffused Kr, and calculation of diffusion coefficients from these data.
Diffusion of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel in Gold, Report No. 5: "The diffusivities of Fe, Co, and Al in otherwise pure Au were determined by a residual activity technique. It was found that the frequency factors and activation energies of the transition elements into Au are normal relative to the values for Au self-diffusion, and suggest that lattice diffusion is operative, in contrast to the corresponding situation for the diffusion of these elements in Al. This difference in behavior is explained in terms of the marked difference in solid solubilities in the two series."
Diffusion of Krypton Through Uranium Carbide - Final Report: This program was established to develop new information concerning the mechanism of diffusion of fission gases (krypton and xenon) through UO2 and UC. The work was to concentrated on measurements of diffusion rates in unirradiated materials in the temperature range of 1000°C to above 2000°C, these determinations being important to the projected use of refractory fuel materials in high-temperature, high-burnup reactors.
Economic Factors of MFP Thermoelectric Generators: "Mixed Fission Products (MFP) for use as a heat source for thermoelectric generators will become increasingly available in the coming years. The Atomic Energy Commission sponsored program on solidification of nuclear wastes is now entering the hot-bench scale test phase. During this phase approximately 5000 thermal watts of two year old MFP could be produced monthly. Two different types of hot calcination pilot plants are planned for installation at the Hanford National Laboratories in the 1964 to 1966 time period. Each of these plants should be able to produce 160,000 thermal watts of two year MFP and 16,000 thermal watts of ten year MFP on a monthly basis. A full scale plant for a 15,000 Mw(e) nuclear economy is estimated to produce four to five times as much MFP as either of the pilot plants. Costs will be dependent upon AEC policy in effect at the time the plant is operating."
The Effect of Finite Conductivity on the Propagation of Hydromagnetic Slow Waves: "The one-dimensional propagation of disturbances in an inviscid conducting fluid of finite magnetic Reynolds number is investigated. The basic equations are not hyperbolic but nevertheless the slow wave has a domain of dependence determined by the sound velocity."
The Effect of Temperature on the Width of a Small-Amplitude, Solitary Wave in a Collision-Free Plasma: "Adlam and Allen and Davis, Lust, and Schluter have studied nonlinear plane-waves, propagating normal to the magnetic field, in a cold plasma. One solution of particular interest is a solitary wave, or single pulse. We present a method for solving the analogous problem for a plasma with finite temperature, in the limiting case where the amplitude of the wave is small and where, consequently, the width of the waver is very large."
Elastic Scattering of Negative Pions by Protons at 226 MEV: "In 1935, Yukawa proposed that a field must exist, analogous to the electromagnetic field but different in nature, which is responsible for the attraction between a proton and a neutron in a nucleus. He was led to the prediction of the existence of particles, quanta of this field, with mass intermediate between that of the electron and proton. In 1947, using photographic plates, the Bristol group led by Powell confirmed the existence of these particles, meons."
The Electrical Resistivity of Liquid Sodium and Dilute Sodium Alloys. Final Report: "The factors of atomic size, ion core potential, and charge, which contribute to the increment in electrical resistivity produced by solutes in metallic solutions, were separated and experimentally evaluated in liquid sodium. The results are expressed in a semi-empirical relationship which defines the increment in resistivity of a monovalent solution as the sum of the fractional difference in atomic volume of solute and solvent and the difference in atomic number of Na and the solutes Li, K, Cs, Rb, Ag, and Au."
Equilibrium Configuration of a Plasma in the Guiding Center Limit: "We compute the equilibrium configuration of a collision-free plasma contained in an axially symmetric magnetic field. The plasma is characterized by a non-scalar pressure tensor which is obtained from a microscopic distribution function in a form suggested b the guiding center approximation. The solution is calculated in the limit where the ratio of the width to the length of the plasma region and the ratio of the gas to the magnetic pressure are both small. Boundary values at the midplane as well as the shape of the plasma appear as arbitrary parameters in the solution. We give the solution to a corresponding scalar pressure problem for comparison."
Evidence for an Auger Process in Chemisorption: "Electron emission during the adsorption of a monolayer of oxygen on a clean'' tungsten surface is reported. This emission is attributed to the excitation of conduction band electrons during adsorption, probably as the result of Auger transitions to the chemisorbed state. Calculations based on this model of chemisorption agree qualitatively with the experimental yield."
Experimental Determination of Contact Conductance for Some Stainless Steel Contacts: "Contact conductances for three semi-smooth and rough stainless steel contacts involving six steels are determined. The procedure and equipment used are fully described, and the results are given. Graphs display thermal conductance and conductivity versus pressure and temperature."
Experiments on the Absorption of Polarized Negative MU Mesons by C12: "This report describes two experiments performed in an effort to supply evidence for the universality of the V-A theory in weak interactions and for the law of conservation of leptons. In this first part the production rate of B to the 12th by the absorption of negative mu mesons in carbon was measured. From the amplitudes of the muon decay curve and the boron decay curve the rate was calculated to be (5.8 plus or minus 1.3) x 10 to the 3rd sec -1, in agreement with the hypothesis of a universal V_A theory. In the second part an attempt was made to measure the helicity of negative mu mesons by stopping longitudinally polarized muons in a carbon target and observing the electron asymmetry in the β-decay of the spin-1 B to the 12th. The results of this part were inconclusive, a consequence attributed to a short boron thermal relaxation time."
A Fast Neutron Time of Flight System for Use With Cyclotrons: "Time of flight spectrometers for the study of neutrons emitted in charged particle reactions have become important in recent years, following the development of suitable photomultiplier tubes and electronic circuits for nanosecond (ns) timing measurements. The principle of operation is simple. The particles exciting the nuclear reactions in which the neutrons are produced fall on the target in bunches of the order of a nanosecond in width. the arrival of product neutrons at a organic scintillation counter (proton recoil) detector placed a few meters from the target gives signals which can be used to determine the flight time of the neutrons from target to detector. A time-reference pule corresponding to the arrival of beam pulses at the target is required."
Fifth Quarterly Progress Report on Fission Product Applications Using Gaseous Beta Sources: "Rates of acetylene polymerization induced by Kr/sup 85/ in d-c fields were up to 15 times greater than those observed when no fields were imposed. Work to determine the relations between acetylene pressure, Kr/sup 85/ concentration, and the field intensity is continuing. In other activities, equipment is being designed to study the effects of megacycle electric fields on radioinduced chemical reactions."

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