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Analysis of a Nuclear Incident in a Redox Dissolver
Since the start of E-metal processing in December, 1958, critical mass control in the Redox dissolvers has been provided by a combination of administrative controls, revised dissolver charging procedures, and new dissolving processes and operation control procedures. These were all based on a maximum allowable charge of E-Metal to the dissolvers which was equivalent to 45 percent of the minimum critical mass.
Annual Technical Progress Report, AEC Unclassified Programs: Fiscal Year 1968
Annual report with the objectives of evaluating, producing, and maintaining an up-to-date set of basic nuclear data; producing and evaluating multigroup constants; and improving of present day methods of neutronic calculations as related to microscopic and macroscopic nuclear data, for unclassified research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission during FY 1968.
An apparatus for measuring rates of discharge of a fuel-injection system
From Introduction: "An apparatus that gives a quick and an accurate measurement of the rate of discharge has been has been designed by the NACA and is described in this report."
Biological Survey of Texas
From introduction: "Report on the biological survey of Texas conducted over a number of years through collection of information and specimens. Focus on life zones and their subdivisions and on the mammals and reptiles of the state."
Bulk ThO2, a Reactor Material
Thorium, a fertile material, is of interest to the Reactor Program in the production of U233. Thorium can be extracted and processed to a very pure bulk metal for fabrication into solid fertile elements. There are advantages, technical and economic, for using fabricated bulk thorium dioxide rather than the metal in some applications. It is the purpose of this paper to point out these advantages and to present briefly the technology related to fabrication, radiation damage and chemical processing of ThO2.
Calculation of Average Flux in Moderator of Water Lattices by Means of a Relaxation Method
The following report concerns the application of a relaxation mesh method for the determination of the average flux within the moderator of a light water moderated, 1.027 per cent U-235, hexagonal lattice with a volume ratio (V_H2O + V_Al)/V_Uranium of 4:1. It was hoped that the calculation would enable one to determine any differences in flux which might result from the fact that the unit cell is a hexagon instead of a cylinder. Because we were primarily interested in the effect due to geometry we applied the same theory, diffusion theory, to the hexagon by means of the mesh method and to the equivalent cylinder.
Calculation of Explosion-Produced Craters
In this study, a physical-numerical model is used to investigate processes important for cratering, or excavation, physics for high-explosive sources in desert alluvium. High explosives do not vaporize much of the geological environment surrounding the initial cavity containing the explosive. Thus, a relatively simple, and in some cases a well-known, equation of state exists for the high-explosive cavity gas for pressure greater than 1 atmosphere. However, nuclear explosives are known to vaporize a great deal of surrounding geological environment during the early part of cavity life history. This vaporized material is believed to condense late in the life history of the cavity, and prior to vent of the cavity gas to the atmosphere, such that the latent heat of condensation plays an important role in nuclear excavation. So far, no numerical-physical models of the response of a geologic environment to a nuclear explosive includes the effect of condensation on the hydrodynamics of late times. Thus, the calculation of the cavity pressure at late times including the effect of condensation is one of the current unsolved problems in the calculation of a crater formed by nuclear explosives. This study, then, develops a predictive, numerical-physical model for H.E. sources of the cavity life history, the earth's free-surface motion, and the formation of the lip (by up-thrust) up to the time of the vent of the cavity gas to the atmosphere.
Calculation Of The Shock Wave From An Underground Nuclear Explosion In Granite
In any underground nuclear explosion, the shock front that propagates from the shot point carries with it energy from the explosion, and distributes this energy by doing work on the surrounding material. In the process, the material undergoes changes in both its physical and mechanical states. If enough energy is deposited in the material, it will vaporize or melt thus changing its physical state, or cause it to crush or crack. During the past few years, special computer codes have been developed for predicting the close-in phenomena of underground nuclear explosions using the laws of physics, and the knowledge of the properties of the materials in which the detonations occur. As a consequence, a better understanding of experimental observations and measurements has evolved.
Characteristics Of Radioactivity Produced By Nuclear Explosives
The production of energy by nuclear reactions results in the production of radioactive nuclei. Therefore, in considering the possible utilization of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes it is necessary to be able to predict the expected activities, their amounts, and dispositions. The amounts and kinds of radioactivities produced by detonation of a nuclear explosive are dependent upon the specific design of the explosive. The behavior and ultimate fate of the activities produced by the explosion depend on the composition of the medium in which the detonation occurs, the nature of the detonation, and the chemical species involved.
Chemical Research -- Extraction and Properties of U233; Report for the Period Ending December 15, 1944
Technical report containing short articles on (1) Determination of physical constants for U233; (2) Determination of decay chain of U233; (3) Extraction of U233; (4) Extracting solvents for uranium; (5) Factors affecting the extraction uranium and thorium by organic solvents, especially ether; and (6) Analysis of ore samples for protoactinium.
Contained Nuclear Detonations in Four Media - Geological Factors in Cavity and Chimney Formation
Recent underground nuclear tests conducted by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission have yielded data on the effects of contained nuclear explosions in four rock mediums: tuff, alluvium, rock salt, and granite. This report presents and compares data obtained primarily through exploratory mining and drilling into the postshot environment of 35 such events.
Corrosion of Steel Pilings in Soils
From Introduction: "In this paper are presented the results obtained to date from the inspections of steel pilings. The investigation will be continued by additional inspections of pilings in other parts if the country in order to cover a wider range of soil environments."
The Cosmotron Radio Frequency Accelerating System
The proton beam in the Cosmotron is accelerated to an energy of 2.3 billion electron volts by a radio frequency voltage which is impressed across an insulated gap in the ferrite loaded accelerating cavity of the vacuum chamber. To maintain a constant orbit radius as the beam is accelerated, the frequency of the accelerating voltage must increase from the initial value of 370 kc/sec to 4200 kc/sec during the one second magnet pulse. Over the entire 11:1 frequency range, a minimum gap voltage of 2000 volts rms must be maintained. At every instant throughout the magnet pulse, the frequency of this voltage must be a predetermined function of the magnet field to a high degree of accuracy. Frequency errors greater than about .2 percent result in loss of beam due to excessive radius changes. Smaller errors than this however, can excite fatal phase oscillations in the beam if they occur rapidly. As little as .005 percent frequency modulation can result in total beam loss if it occurs at a rate of several kc/sec, where the beam is most sensitive to such disturbances.
Crystallography of Some of the Transition Element Beryllides
A crystallographic study of the transition element beryllides was undertaken in support of phase diagram work. These beryllides are very high melting, and the use of ordinary methods make it difficult to determine stoichiometry. We have succeeded in establishing the compositions and complete crystal structure description of all of the room temperature stable or metastable compounds of the beryllides of niobium, tantalum, titanium zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, chromium and molybdenum. Since some of the structures found were not previously reported, complete structure determinations had to be done.
DC Bridge NPR Horizontal Rod Counting
This report is a summary of work done for system development on the NPR ball safety backup for the horizontal rods. This phase of the system development is limited to discussion of the horizontal rod counting circuitry utilizing a direct current bridge network.
Determination of Corrosion Products and Additives in Homogeneous Reactor Fuel III. Polarographic Determination of Iron(III)
An ion-exchange -- polarographic method was developed for the determination of iron(III) in Homogeneous Reactor Fuels. Copper, which interferes, is removed from the fuel by plating it onto a cadmium coil. Iron is oxidized to iron(III) by potassium permanganate, and the iron(III) is separated from interfering metal ions by ion exchange on a Dowex 1 resin column that is in the sulfate form. The iron(III) in the effluent is determined polarographically in 0.5 M sodium citrate solution as supporting electrolyte. A fairly well defined polarographic wave is obtained for the iron(III) → iron(II) reduction at a half-wave potential of approximately -0.15 v. vs. the S.C.E. The relative standard deviation of the data for 2 µg of iron(III) per ml of solution in the polarographic cell was 6.5%; for 10 µg of iron(III) per ml it was 0.6%.
Determination of Trace Amounts of Sulfur in Fluoride Salts
A method has been developed for the determination of total sulfur in fluoride salts using the methylene blue procedure. Reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide is achieved through the use of a new reducing mixture consisting of stannous chloride dissolved in concentrated phosphoric acid. The new mixture is effective on microgram amounts of sulfate and offers a major advantage over the red phosphorous reducing mixtures in that larger samples may be taken for analysis. The procedure has been applied to fluoride salts containing from 1 to 500 ppm of sulfur. The coefficient of variation the method is 10 percent.
The Determination of Trace Amounts of Uranium by Neutron Activation Analysis
Abstract: "The determination of trace concentrations of uranium in synthetic materials, ores, soils and water by neutron radioactivation analysis is described. The principles of the activation analysis method as applied to trace uranium determination, the processing of irradiated specimens, and some examples of the results obtained by this method of analysis are discussed in this paper."
Development and Evaluation of High-Temperature Tungsten Alloys: Quarterly Report Number 2, January - March 1960
Quarterly report describing progress on a project to develop and evaluate high-temperature tungsten alloys. This report discusses properties for specific base alloys at room temperature and under high temperatures.
Development and Testing of an Improved Agitator for the Redox and Purex Separations Plants
Relatively frequent agitator failures in HAPO Separations Plants have interfered with process continuity, contributed to process difficulties, and resulted in considerable maintenance expense. Predominantly the failures have been because of gear-reduction drive unit break-down or because of metallic fatigue and degeneration of the shaft-paddle assemblies. A simplified, slow-speed, direct drive agitator, previously described in HW-52755, proved to be quite durable and satisfactory during extended testing, operating without incident for over 10,000 hours. Subsequent operation of the agitator in the Redox Plant has been equally smooth. Total operating time (combined test and production use) is now in excess of 21,000 hours. Since the slow speed agitation principle has been adequately demonstrated at Redox and Purex canyon applications. This report describes the development and testing of such a "universal" agitator.
Eddy Current Ultrasonic Transducer
In the field of nondestructive testing the ultrasonic test method is used extensively. In this method ultrasonic energy generated by a transducer is caused to enter the test specimen. The effect on the transducer is cause to enter the test specimen. The effect on the transmission or reflection of the ultrasonic energy by differing test specimen structure is used as an indirect measure of test specimen characteristics.
Effect of Ceramic or Metal Additives in High-UOâ‚‚ Bodies
The following report focuses on research made to determine whether the service performance of UOâ‚‚ fuel-elements cores for the PWR can be improved by certain ceramic or metal additions.
Effect of Heat Treatment of the Structure and Hardness of Gamma Extruded Uranium : Final Report, Problem Assignment 2-M
The following document is an interim report on studies made to determine the optimum time-temperature treatment to produce a recrystallized grain structure in gamma extruded uranium."
Effect of Long-Range Interactions on Order
Harrison and Paskin (HP) have calculated the ordering energy of β-CuZn using recent theoretical techniques of treating electron screening and Mott's polar model of an alloy. Good agreement is obtained between the calculated total energy of the order-disorder transformation and specific heat measurements. A consequence of the HP calculation is that the ordering energy is long-range and oscillates in sign. Walker and Keating recently measured the neutron diffuse scattering of β-CuZn above the critical temperature Tc and find their data is in agreement with order calculated by only considering a nearest neighbor interaction. Using the Cowley statistical theory of order, we compare the order generated by a nearest-neighbor interaction and the long-range interaction of HP at a temperature 1.1Tc. we find the average behavior of the order generated by the nearest-neighbor and long range interaction to be similar, The major difference is the nearest-neighbor interaction generates order that asymptotically, varies smoothly with neighbor distance whereas the order resulting from the long-range interaction fluctuates markedly about the nearest-neighbor generated order. This result may explain the success of statistical theories, based on nearest-neighbor interactions, in both order-disorder of alloys as well as in some magnetic systems which are also believed to have a similar long-range oscillatory interaction.
The Effects Of Seismic Waves On Structures And Other Facilities
The effects of explosion-induced ground motion must be evaluated in planning and executing any nuclear excavation project. For some projects ground use intensity may dictate the use of less-than-optimum yields to minimize damaging effects. In remote areas, weighing the alternatives of outright purchase of some property or use of smaller yields may be required. The cost of indemnifying owners against damage must be considered in any case. Discussions of the effects of ground motion on three broad types of facilities - engineered structures, residential buildings, and equipment required for the support of nuclear excavation operations - are presented. A method of predicting the response of single- and multi-storied buildings, the response spectrum technique, is discussed, with emphasis on the application of explosion-induced spectra.
Electronuclear Research Division Semiannual Progress Report For Period Ending March 20, 1955
The ORNL 86-in. cyclotron is being modified to provide for deflection of the proton beam. It is expected that operation will be resumed late in the spring. Nuclear physics work was limited, for the most part, to interpretation of previously collected data and to making preparations for utilizing the deflected beam. It was found that for certain isotopes the production rates could be almost doubled by operating at a slightly reduced energy and a much larger current. With the use of the ORNL 63-in. cyclotron, the absolute values of the electron capture and loss cross sections for 26-Mev nitrogen ions were obtained. The angular distribution of the cross sections for elastic scattering of nitrogen by nitrogen was measured at energies from 13 to 22 Mev. A double-focusing 90-deg magnet is being planned for use in identifying stable reaction products from nitrogen-induced reactions. The major components of the revised 44-in. test cyclotron were assembled and are being tested. Consideration is being given to the use of these components, along with a new 20,000-oersted magnet and a shielded cyclotron room, and if the tests are satisfactory the Laboratory will have available a machine which will accelerate N5+ ions to 81 Mev.
Enclosure Section of the Hazards Summary Report for the Dresden Nuclear Power Station
The General Electric Company is designing and building a 180,000 kilowatt nuclear power plant for the Commonwealth Edison Company at a site near the confluence of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers in Grundy County, Illinois, about 47 miles southwest of Chicago. The plant will be known as the Dresden Nuclear Power Station, and will employ a nuclear reactor of the dual-cycle boiling water type.
The Equation of State of Water on the Thomas-Fermi Model
Two methods are described for extending the Thomas-Fermi model of a compressed atom to molecules or mixtures of the type Z Zn. The methods are applied to H2O at zero temperature to determine pressure and internal energy as functions of the density, the position of the protons relative to the oxygen nucleus, and the electrostatic potential distribution within the molecule.
The Equation of the Fusion Curve
A generalization of the Lindemann law is used in connection with the Murnaghan equation of state for a solid to derive theoretically the empirical Simon equation for the fusion curve. For the alkali metals it is shown that experimental values of the temperature exponent in the Simon equation are quantitatively compatible with the theoretical evaluation given, and, furthermore, that the theory can predict approximate values of the experiment, in practice.
Estimated Gamma Radiation Levels at Access Holes in the HRT Shielding
An estimate has been made of the gamma radiation levels at access holes in the HRT Shielding when the plugs have been removed to service or maintain the reactor. In every case the radiation level at the holes was greater than the maximum permissible exposure rate of 0.3 roentgens per week. The radiation through the holes can be attenuated to some extent by flooding the reactor cell up to the flange to be disconnected. However, shielding would still be required and it is more practical to provide a small additional shield thickness to compensate for the moderate attenuation that could be gained from flooding.
Eurochemic Questions -- Preliminary Report
The referenced memo asked several questions on the operation of the Purex Plant which are of interest to the Eurochemic personnel. These questions are answered below. 1. A qualitative description of the nitric acid recovery systems is desired -- flow of materials, number of pieces of equipment, etc.
An Experimental Check On The Range-Energy Curve Of Pions In Propane
The kinetic energies of pions from radioactive decays in propane have been determined by using the information given by the angles of the secondary particles. This method is independent of any range-energy relation.
Experimental Fast Ceramic Reactor Design Status Report as of October 31, 1961
The design status of the Experimental Fast Ceramic Reactor (EFCR) is described for the period up to October 31, 1961. The primary purpose of the facility is to study the dynamic behavior of a fast ceramic reactor, including the experimental demonstration of the effectiveness of the Doppler coefficient in limiting the power excursion following a rapid insertion of reactivity.
Flow Meter for Measuring Air-Flow through Special Hoods : Final Report
This report describes the flow meter for measuring air-flow rate through special hoods that allow the decrease in flow rate.
Focusing in Linear Ion Accelerators
Abstract: "The results of the investigation of three methods of obtaining transverse stability in linear accelerators for ions are presented and discussed. For electric or magnetic quadrupole focusing the range of stable operation, oscillation amplitudes, and the operation of an actual grid is analyzed from measurements of the field distribution. Finally, the formulas applicable to focusing by axial magnetic lenses are presented."
Formation of Nitrogen Oxides by Alpha Particle Irradiation of the System Nâ‚‚-COâ‚‚
Abstract: "The reaction between nitrogen and carbon dioxide, under irradiation with 40 Mev alpha particles from the Berkeley 60 inch cyclotron, was studied at gas temperatures near 50 C and total pressures of about 600 millimeters of Hg, contained in Pyrex capsules. The range of gas compositions investigated included the pure components, as well as mixtures with and without trace oxygen. In all mixtures, a steady state concentration of nitrogen oxides of about 0.15 millimeter was reached after a few microampere hours exposure. The mass-spectrometer analytical procedure employed did not permit identification of the individual species of oxides present. This report is based on studies conducted for the Atomic Energy Commission under Contract AT-11-1-GEN-8."
Fraction of Total Beam Current as a Function of A-12 Beam Radius
The following report provides data describing the total electron beam current as a function of A-12 beam radius. The beam is investigated using the provided equations.
Fundamentals of Glass-to-Metal Bonding. [Part] 5-A. Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Wettability of Metals by Glass. [Part] 5-B. Reactions of Tantalum and sodium Silicate Glass. Technical Report No. 5
Part A. The major effort during the past year has been the construction of a suitable vacuum furnace for studying the effects of temperature and pressure on the wettability of metals by glass. A systems was completed that was capable of subjecting test combinations up to temperatures of 1400 degree C at a working pressure of 1 x 10(-5) mm. of Hg. Part B. A compound, identified by X-ray analysis as sodium meta tantalate (na2Ta2O6), was found at the interface between a sodium silicate glass and tantalum metal which had been heated in vacuum to 1000 degree C. thermodynamic calculations, followed by further experimental evidence, were used to determine the chemical reaction between tantalum and sodium silicate which resulted in the formation of Na2Ta3O6. the compound was synthesized by other methods, and its structure investigated.
Further Experimental Results on Natural Circulation Loop Performance at 1000 psia Under Periodic Accelerations
Experimental results on the effect of periodic acceleration on a natural circulation, 1000 psia, two-phase flow loop are presented, and related to the topic of marine reactor design. The initial results of this work were given previously in GEAP 3397.
Further Studies of Amines as Extractants for Uranium from Acid Sulfate Solutions
Abstract: "Since the first report on the use of amines as uranium extractants (ORNL-1734) over eighty additional organo-nitrogen compounds have been examined for their ability to extract uranium from aqueous solutions, particularly sulfate solutions, of the types usually encountered in uranium ore processing. As before, the more promising of these (as well as other compounds previously reported) have been examined further with respect to other characteristics essential to practical application, i.e., reagent loss to the aqueous phase, compatibility with practicable diluents, influence of commonly present anions, reagent stability, sufficient selectivity for uranium, adequate phase separation properties, compatibility with practicable stripping methods, etc. The potential cost and availability of the reagents tested, i.e., certain secondary and tertiary amines, have shown even greater promise as practicable extraction agents than many of the promising compounds previously tested. In addition to the work with sulfate liquors, cursory studies have been made of uranium extraction from fluoride and sulfate-fluoride solutions. Extractions of other metals from sulfate liquors, i.e., titanium and thorium, have been briefly examined."
General Concepts of Mechanics and Their Relation to Thermal Stresses
In this document, simple modes are used to demonstrate the importance of different material effects on predicted material behavior. This document should help one understand the basic assumptions made in stress analysis.
General Review of the Astron Thermonuclear Program
The following report describes the Astron Thermonuclear Program initiated at Livermore, California in 1957.
Heat of Reaction of Chlorine Trifluoride with Water
Abstract: "A measurement of the heat liberated when chlorine trifluoride reacts with water has been made in a simple Dewar calorimeter. The chlorine trifluoride vapor was bubbled into approximately 20 moles of water; the weight of material used, heat equivalent of the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of the water and calorimeter were determined. From these data an average value for the heat of reaction was calculated to be 81.0 +/- 0.4 kcal/mole. Analysis of the reaction solution and evolved gas showed the following to be present: hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, oxygen, and probably oxygen-chlorine compounds."
Heavy Isotope Production By Nuclear Devices
In November 1952 an event took place which was to have a profound effect on political alignments of the world. This event was the detonation of "Mike", the first large thermonuclear device. The political implications of this experiment overshadowed what has come to be a major advance in the development of scientific tools; the experimentally verified, extremely high thermal neutron flux observed in Mike. Subsequent to this observation, the Atomic Energy Commission established a study program to investigate this particular characteristic of nuclear devices. Under the program, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, have studied the mechanisms of high fluxes, capture systematics, general stability characteristics, and more specifically, nuclear design to accomplish this massive neutron irradiation. Utilization of these greatly increased fluxes can be expected to significantly advance understanding in many fields.
High-Thermal-Conductivity Fin Material for Radiators
This report is the result of a study to develop heat-resistant fin materials possessing a high thermal conductivity for air radiators. Since an economical and commercially feasible product was desired, the investigation was restricted primarily to a study of electroplated copper, clad copper, and copper alloys. Sheet material 0.008 to 0.010 in. thick was evaluated for fabricability and for metallurgical stability and thermal conductivity at 1500°F. From the results of the rests it was concluded that: (1) electroplates were unsatisfactory; (2) clad-copper fins possessing a thermal conductivity of 50% of that of copper are commercially feasible; (3) copper-aluminum alloys possessing a thermal conductivity approaching that of copper at 1500°F are possible. Service tests of clad copper and the copper-aluminum alloys indicate that the choice of materials will be dictated by the requirements of the radiator, since each presents some unique problems.
Hot Press Canning of Thorium
A process for hot-press canning of unplated thorium cores in aluminum jackets was developed using wafers of thorium and aluminum for diffusion and bonding studies.
Initial Measurements on the Angular Distribution of Deuterium Plasma Produced by a Pulsed Spark Source
Abstract: "The deuterium plasma which is ejected by a 6000-ampere pulsed current through a rail-type spark source has a yield in the forward direction which is a factor of 5 to 10 greater than that in the perpendicular direction. This effect is believed to be due to the magnetic propulsion of the plasma."
Lecture Notes on Reactor Controls
This course on reactor controls is for the purpose of acquainting the student with some of the elementary considerations involved in setting up a control and safety system for a nuclear reactor. This material is the outgrowth of the notes prepared for the lectures on Reactor Controls given in the Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technologu. The lectures given by T. E. Cole in 1953-1955 are the basis of portions of the subject matter on reactor kinetics. Many suggestions and ideas contributed by E. R. Mann are included throughout almost every section. In addition, several members of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and of the Reactor Controls Department in particular, have provided information which has been included in these lectures notes.
Light-Droven Cytochrome Reactions in Anacystis and Euglena
The basic similarity in cytochrome physiology between Anacystis nidulans ad Euglena gracilis, strains Z, is impressive in view of their gross dissimilarities in size, structure, and pigment content. We have investigated the cytochrome reactions by sensitive spectrophotometric methods in order to gain some insight into the patterns of energy transfer from the various light receptors to the reaction centers involved in the two photochemical reactions of green plant photosynthesis and also to elucidate the pathways of photosynthetic electron transfer. The major thrust of this presentation will be the implications of experiments on whole cells in which both wavelength and intensity of monochromatic actinic light have been systematically varied. Some preliminary observations of the effect of carbonyl cyanide-m chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) are presented, and the light-driven reduction of cytochrome b6 in Euglena chloroplast fragments is described.
Low-Density UO2 Pile
The multiplication factor and minimum pile size for a multiplying pile using UO2 powder of density 1 have been computed. It appears that a k of 1.0177 is possible for a volume ration of V/V001=3.33.
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