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A Comparison of Permanent and Measured Income Inequality
The degree of inequality present in the distribution of income may be measured with a gini coefficient. If the distribution is found to empirically fit a particular distribution function, then the gini coefficient may be derived from the mean value of income and the variation from the mean. For the purpose of this study, the Beta II distribution was used as the function which most closely approximates the actual distribution of income. The Beta II function provides the skewness which is normally found in an income distribution as well as fulfilling other required characteristics. The degree of inequality was approximated for the distribution of income from all sources and from ten separate components of income sources in constant (1973) dollars. Next, permanent income from all sources and from the ten component sources was estimated based upon actual income using the double exponential smoothing forecasting technique. The estimations of permanent income, which can be thought of as expected income, were used to derive measures of permanent income inequality. The degree of actual income inequality and the degree of permanent income inequality, both being represented by the hypothetical gini coefficient , were compared and tested for statistical differences. For the entire period under investigation, 1952 to 1979, the net effect was no statistically significant difference between permanent and actual income inequality, as was expected. However, significant differences were found in comparing year by year. Relating permanent income inequality to the underlying, structural inequality present in a given distribution, conclusions were drawn regarding the role of mobility in its ability to alter the actual distribution of income. The impact of business fluctuations on the distribution of permanent income relative to the distribution of actual income was studied in an effort to reach general conclusions. In general, cyclical upswings tend to reduce permanent inequality …
The Conflicts in the American Labor Movement During the 1929 to 1939 Depression Period
This thesis is an examination of organized labor in the United States during the 1930s. Activities of the American Federation of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World, and Congress of Industrial Workers during the decade are compared and contrasted throughout.
The Continued Financial Stability of Social Security
The Social Security System is projected to encounter both short-term and long-term financial crises. The economic effectiveness and impacts of alternative solutions to both problems are analyzed. Government projections show the short-term deficit can be solved through interfund borrowing. Solving the long-term deficit will require the generation of new funds. All four solutions analyzed will increase unemployment, inflation, and interest rates, and decrease growth potential. A combination of increased OASI taxation and mandatory coverage is recommended as the most effective solution with the least adverse economic consequences.
Corporate Tax Rates and the Purchasing Power Parity Doctrine
This thesis analyzes the effect of corporate tax rates on the purchasing-power-parity (PPP) doctrine. The data used to test this hypothesis are drawn from the U. S., the U. K., the Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, and Japan. The first chapter introduces the reader to the concepts of the PPP doctrine and states the hypothesis. Chapter 2 reviews the literature on the PPP doctrine. Chapter 3 specifies a model of the PPP doctrine including tax rates. Chapter 4 reports and interprets the findings. The study is summarized and conclusions are drawn in chapter 5. In this study it is shown that tax rates are significant only in the case of the U. S. dollar/Canadian dollar exchange rate.
The Corps of Engineers and a New Approach to Project Evaluations
This research report attempts to provide an understanding of the origin and nature of the Corps of Engineers' civil works program and outlines a theory for evaluating water resources development projects.
The "Crew Complement" problem and the Tripartite Agreement
The main efforts in this paper are directed towards the "crew complement" problem on American Airlines, and the solution found in the Tripartite Agreement. Included is an account of the major events in the airline industry that led to the present "crew complement" problem, and its existence on other airlines.
A Critical Analysis of the Equity and Efficiency of the Nigerian Personal Income Tax System
The purpose of this study is to analyze the system of personal income taxation in Nigeria, especially with respect to its administration, equity, and effects on efficient resource usage. There have, in the past, been numerous complaints that the personal income tax in Nigeria does not yield enough revenue for the state governments, primarily because of widespread avoidance and evasion of the tax, especially by persons who do not derive income from wages and salaries. This study examines this problem in light of questions as to how the tax evolved, how important it is to state governments, how efficient and equitable it is, what administrative problems it faces, and what reforms can be implemented to best solve existing problems.
A Critique of John Maynard Keynes' Concept of the Propensity to Consume
It will be a part of the purpose of this paper to show that Keynesian economics treats a closed economy in a static condition while American and British society in actuality exist in open economies in a dynamic condition. In scope this paper is limited to an appraisal of the first of the main concepts of John Maynard Keynes' General Theory. That is, this paper will be concerned only with the "Theory of the Propensity to Consume" and its ramifications.
A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on the Developmental Process of Developing Countries
Using the assumptions of various schools of thought on development as the theoretical framework, an attempt is made to examine the effects of foreign investment on the socioeconomic growth of 50 developing countries by means of multiple regression models that utilize some external and internal variables assumed to affect the growth rate of GNP. Results from these models indicate that new inflows of foreign investments and amounts of domestic investments are positively related to growth while accumulated stocks of foreign investments have no effect on growth. This suggests that development funds, designed specifically for increased domestic investments, would be the most effective way to increase GNP.
Crude Oil Pipe Lines: A Study of Economic Control
The present study does not represent a general investigation of all the various divisions of the transportation phase of the petroleum industry but a very small segment of the industry, i.e., crude oil pipe lines. Rather than being an examination of the technical operations of the industry the study is directed towards a consideration of the instrumentalities of control of interstate pipe line facilities exercised at the hands of major or integrated companies.
Current Developments in the Exploitation of the Sea as a Source of Food
The chronic problem of protein deficiency that prevails in many parts of the world today poses a great challenge to modern technology. Current production of protein food of animal origin is insufficient to meet the needs of an increasing world population. From this fact arises the possibility of a world in which the majority of people will never have enough to eat,
The Dairy Industry and the Texas Antitrust Laws
The general problem to be dealt with in this thesis is that of determining whether the antitrust laws of the state of Texas fulfill their aim of maintaining competition through the prosecution of conspiracies in restraint of trade. The specific problem is the determination of the effect of the antitrust laws on the dairy industry in Texas.
Dependence of the Egyptian Historic Transition on the Banking System
The problem with which this paper is concerned is that of examining the role that the Egyptian Banking System had to assume during the transition period, 1952 - 1964. This paper is divided in four parts; the first part is an introduction and it is composed of Chapter I. Part two is a brief survey of the economic and monetary developments in Egypt during this transition period and it is composed of Chapters II and III. Part three examines the reconstruction of the banking system and it is composed of Chapters IV and V. Part four presents a conclusion and some implications for other developing countries. The Egyptian experience's lack of success was due to non-realistic and uncoordinated planning.
Determinants of Income and Income Differentials between Blacks and Whites in the South
The problem with which this study is concerned is that of discrimination. Data from the United States Bureau of the Census is used to approach the problem through the concept of economic discrimination. This study has two purposes. First, it tests the hypothesis that blacks in the South have been subjected to significant economic discrimination, and, in turn, to give quantitative estimates of its magnitude if the hypothesis is accepted. The secondary purpose is to make a comparison of the relative importance of the independent variables for blacks and whites.
The Development of a Theory of Agricultural Price Administration Since 1930
This thesis is concerned with the problems of agricultural price administration. It is an examination of the different agricultural price administration experiments that have been used. These administered price experiments are the topics of discussion.
The Development of Fair Trade
It is the primary concern of this study to examine the development of Fair Trade and the different interpretations which fair trade laws have had. Also, this study will attempt to estimate future action in the area of fair trade. This study closely examines the legal framework upholding the system.
The Development of the River Resources of the United States is a Public Function
This investigation is an analysis of the social or economic effects of TVA electricity. It is the purpose of this endeavor to present a well-documented case supporting the thesis that the development of our water resources is a public function.
The Development of the Theory of Economic Law Prior to Classical Economics
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the origin and development of economic law. In doing this we may better determine whether our present theory of economic law is an element of scientific data or whether it merely leads to confusion and inconsistency. The purpose of this thesis is to see from where our ideas came, in the belief that confusion in a society is the result of the failure of ideas to correspond with reality.
The Development of the Theory of Full Employment
The purpose of this paper is to analyze and to review fundamental ideas and theories of employment and to set forth the policies that can best obtain the goal of full employment, which is defined as the condition where those who want to work at the prevailing rates of pay can find work without undue difficulty.
Dialectical and Institutional Continuity in Relation to Evolutionary Thought
This thesis discusses dialectical and institutional continuity in relation to evolutionary thought.
Did the Construction of Lake Dallas Benefit or Injure Denton County from the Tax Valuation Standpoint
The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether or not Denton County gained or lost from the construction of Lake Dallas from the tax valuation standpoint.
The Discount Operations of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
It is the purpose of this thesis to give a factual presentation of the operation of the discount system of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Texas, covering the years 1914 through 1935.
Disposition of Disputed Cases, Involving Non-Basic Wage, Union Security, and Non-Wage Issues of the Oil Refining Industry by the Eighth Regional War Labor Board
This investigation is a study of the issues involved in the disputed cases pertaining to the Oil Refining Industry which were certified to the Eighth Regional War Labor Board serving Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana during World War II.
Do Predictions of Professional Business Economists Conform to the Rational Expectations Hypothesis?: Tests on a Set of Survey Data
A set of forecast survey data is analyzed in this paper for properties consistent with the Rational Expectations Hypothesis. Standard statistical tests for "rational expectations" are employed utilizing consensus forecasts generated by an interest rate newsletter. Four selected variables (Fed Funds rate, M1 rate of growth, rate of change in CPI, and real GNP growth rate) are analyzed over multiple time horizons. Results tend to reject "rational expectations" for most variables and time horizons. Forecasts are more likely to meet "rationality" criteria the shorter the forecast horizon, with the notable exception of forecasts of real GNP growth.
The Economic Aspects of Prevailing Trends in Women's Education Programs
This thesis discusses the results of a survey given to college women focusing on the various roles women must play, with a focus on their economic aspects.
Economic Aspects of the Radio Broadcasting Industry
This thesis deals with the radio problem in an effort to determine some of the results of competition and why federal control has finally been imposed on the broadcasting industry.
Economic Development in Ghana: Some Problems and Prospects
After independence on March 6, 1957, Ghana, under the late President Kwame Nkrumah, turned to diverse developmental activities. Economically, Ghana was on sound footing; the balance of payments was favorable and cocoa was yielding a good harvest. In 1967, Nkrumah was ousted due to his dictatorial rule. In this study the available primary and secondary sources were utilized. Primary sources were made available by the Ghana Embassy in Washington, D. C. and by friends and relatives in institutions of higher learning in Ghana. The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter I concerns itself with a geographical survey of the country, including land, climate, people, and natural resources. Chapter II explores political developments, and Chapter III examines some of the crucial economic problems. Chapter IV explores some economic progress and Chapter V makes suggestions, some of which may seem sordid and grim, but at least they offer a "stepping stone."
The Economic Development of Thailand's Agriculture
Agriculture is usually the largest economic sector in developing countries. Typically, most of the countries' population is employed in this sector. The economic growth is dependent upon productivity in agricultural production and its export potential. Increased production and exports from this sector result in foreign exchange earning by which to promote development of the other sectors. Given the importance of agricultural development, this thesis attempts to study the impact of the agricultural sector on Thai economy and to examine some problems concerned with cultivation, production and marketing. The study also concentrates on the development of social overhead capital (i.e., transportation and irrigation systems), which play an important role in stimulating the growth of Thai agriculture. Finally, there are some conclusions and recommendations which may be useful to the government and its agencies concerned with the development of agriculture.
Economic Development of the Oil and Natural Gas Sector in Bahrain
The problem with which this investigation is concerned is determining the viability of economic development in the oil and natural gas sector in Bahrain since its independence in August 1971, and the changing role of the government in shaping oil policies and managing downstream operations. This inquiry emphasizes the importance of cooperation and coordination in the oil industry among the Arab Gulf States. This study concludes that Bahrain's economy is passing through and era which will have one of two possible endings: one will protect the independence of the country and promote cooperation with the other Arab Gulf States as a transitional stage toward a board regional unity; the other will lead Bahrain to become a commercial outlet for Saudi Arabia.
Economic Developments and Policies in Post-Civil War Nigeria
The approach of the study is historical and institutional. The thesis compares the performance of the pre-war Nigerian economy to its post-war performance. The study analyzes the role of petroleum production, agriculture, and the banking system as the major generators of growth in the economy. It portrays the political framework of the country, and endeavors to give a clear and concise understanding of the economic and political implications of the war. Development planning policy issues are examined and evaluated to ascertain the degree to which Nigerian planners are fully aware of the nation's development obstacles.
Economic Efficiency of Personal Air Transportation as a Technological Factor in the United States
The purpose of this study is to examine the factors of economic efficiency embodied in the modern personal airplane and its related services in the United States, with a view to ascertaining the significance of such transportation as a technological factor in the American national economy.
An Economic Evaluation of the Development of the Trinity River Basin as Compared with the Tennessee Valley Authority
"The Tennessee Valley Authority is a world example of the full development of a river basin in soil conservation, flood control, navigation, electric power, afforestation, and recreation... Many river basin areas in the United States have created planning commissions to further develop the advancement of their own watershed problems. The Trinity Improvement Association is the planning commission for the Trinity River watershed area... In Chapter II a factual resume of the Tennessee Valley Authority will be given, and this chapter will be used as a basis of comparison for the development of the Trinity River Basin. Chapter III covers the problem of soil conservation and flood control within the watershed area; Chapter IV deals with the industrial and municipal use of water and the resources of the tributary area; Chapter V contains a brief history of the canal movement on the Trinity, the feasibility of such a canal, and miscellaneous developments; and Chapter VI contains the conclusions that it seems appropriate to draw. " -- leaf 1.
The Economic Inefficiency of Texas Water Law
The State of Texas is endowed with many valuable resources. It has vast oil and gas deposits, huge timber reserves, and land in abundance. Not least among its re sources is water, the key resource. It is water, even before food, which sustains all life on this earth. Without water the human processes of agriculture, industry, and commerce would be impossible. Water serves as a major source of energy, transportation, and recreation. It is not a risky statement to make that water, above everything else on this earth except land, permits man to exist.
The Economic Status of College Teachers in Texas Compared with other Professions and Measured by Relative Support of Education in Texas
The problem of this study is the economic status of college teachers in Texas, with emphasis on actual support afforded that profession in the past and in the present; and objective statistical analysis of the ability of the state to more adequately support the profession now and in the future, and the theoretical and actual importance which that economic status presages for out state and society. Actual support of higher education will be measured by salaries and expenditures; ability to support will be measured by the relative wealth of each state in per capita income.
The Economic Theory of the Chemical Industry
The purpose of this thesis is to contrast classical theory with the operations of a controlled industry whose foremost raw material is technical knowledge, and to observe whether these operations can approximate the conditions of orthodox theory.
Economic Thought as a Culmination of Eighteenth-Century Ideas
This investigation is concerned with determining the role played in the development of a body of economic thought by the philosophic, political, and economic forces prevailing in the eighteenth century.
The Economic Utilization of Old Newspapers with Emphasis on Recyling
This thesis discusses the recycling of old newspapers into fresh newsprint. The thesis includes an introduction and chapters on solid wastes, recycling paper fiber, the newsprint paper industry, recycling newsprint, alternate uses of refuse including old newspapers, legislation, and a conclusion.
The Effect of World War II on the Aluminum Industry
This study attempts to impart such facts as will enable the reader to select his own alternative as to the feasibility of monopoly or free competition within the aluminum industry. In order to assist the reader in making decisions the evolution of the supply and price structure of aluminum and its effects on demand are submitted.
The Effectiveness of the Conservation of Human Beings and of Soil by the CCC Camp in Denton, Texas
The organization of the Emergency Conservation Work was found to possess many faults. The Seventy-Fifth Congress, taking cognizance of some of the more glaring imperfections, approved a measure reorganizing and re-establishing the Emergency Conservation Work under the name of The Civilian Conservation Corp. The bill eliminated many of the defects of the former organization, and invested authority and defined duties and regulations in such a manner that a more efficient institution resulted.
Electronics as an Economic Resource: A Study of the Impact of Technology on Resource Theory
This thesis discusses electronics as an economic resource and the impact of technology on resource theory.
England and the International Monetary System of the Nineteenth Century
There were two international standards in the nineteenth century, the theoretical gold standard and the historical sterling standard. The primary interest of this thesis is the latter, although the theoretical framework of the gold standard will also be examined. Because of its role in the London money market, particular attention will be given to the Bank of England. Since the Bank and the international standards were products of the evolutionary and revolutionary changes which occurred in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, an attempt will be made to examine them within their historical context.
Estimating Residential Water Demand: a Case of Multiple-Part Tariff for Denton, Texas
This paper analyzes the demand for water in case of a multiple-part tariff in Denton, Texas. The model used is developed from Billing & Agthe's model by using the following variables: marginal price, difference variable, tax assessed value, lot size, house size, temperature and rainfall.. The results indicate that temperature has the greatest effect on water demand, since this area is considered to be a very warm area. Also, marginal price seems to have a strong effect on water consumption indicating that customer is well-informed to a change in rate schedule. This test supports the original idea of the previous articles that the coefficient on difference variable and that on income should have the opposite sign. However, this test can not prove that those coefficients should be equal in magnitude, since the proxy of the income variable can not represent the individual monthly income. In addition, this article introduces another variable which can be a proxy of outdoor water use. That is lot size showing the effect on water demand. The last variable used in the model, house size,does not have much effect on water demand and is dropped out in the final model.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Texas State Teacher's Association in Meeting the Welfare Needs of Public School Teachers in the Areas of Tenure and Retirement
The primary purpose of this study is to review the actions of the Texas State Teacher's Association as an organization in support of the needs of Texas teachers for adequate tenure and retirement, and to evaluate their effectiveness in securing these needs.
An Examination of the Feasibility of Measuring National Income from Monetary Data
The purpose of the paper is to explore, more fully, one particular aspect of economic accounting, measurement of national income. Since data problems often inhibit attempts to measure national income by conventional methods, particularly in less developed regions, the paper focuses attention on alternative techniques of measurement with major emphasis on procedures employing monetary data.
The Film Versus the Demonstration Method in Teaching Cake Making to High School Girls
The purpose of the present study was to determine the comparative effectiveness of the educational sound film and the demonstration method in teaching the quick-mix method of cake making.
Foreign Aid in Kenya: Its Applications and Effects on Kenya's Economic Development, 1963-1975
Primary sources were provided by the Kenyan Embassy to the U.S.A., Kenya tourist offices in the U.S.A. and West Germany, the Economics Department at the University of Nairobi, the Ministry of Finance in Kenya, the Institute of South Africa, and the United Nations. The first chapter provides a brief explanation of the historical and economic development Kenya has experienced since independence. Chapter II deals with the historical development of Kenya's economy. Chapter III discusses the major countries' donation of aid to Kenya. Chapter IV focuses upon aid from international organizations. Chapter V develops Kenya's efforts to use foreign aid efficiently. Chapter VI looks into Kenya's prospects for development through foreign aid. Chapter VII is the conclusion.
Foreign Direct Investment and Political Risk
This paper will show that, despite the need for extension of foreign direct investment in the form of multinational corporations to capital-scarce, less developed countries, political risk creates a gap between the demand and supply of foreign investments. In Chapter II, the patterns of foreign direct investment are analyzed. Chapter III reviews the various sources of political risk and concludes that the existence of political risk is an obstacle to the formation of optimum level investment. Chapter IV discusses the relative positions of the less developed countries and the multinational corporations. Chapter V shows the problems caused by the absence of a universal, regulatory institution. Chapter VI presents case studies of corporations based in Chile, Peru, and Angola. Chapter VII suggests ways that political risk can be minimized.
A General Economic Study of Patterns of Government Expenditures in Thailand
An analysis of Thai government expenditures demonstrates that they expanded rapidly between 1900 and 1969, due primarily to rising prices and the extension of government functions, particularly during the post-war period. In contrast, the war effect had little influence on the growth of expenditures. During the period under study, Thai government expenditures were devoted largely to general, social, and economic services, with emphasis on transportation and communication, defense, agriculture, and education. Current expenditures (for defense, education, etc.) represented a higher percentage of total government expenditures than did capital expenditures (for public construction, social services, etc.). In general, the case of Thailand indicates that levels of government expenditure were higher in conjunction with greater emphasis on economic and social development.
Government Involvement in the Economies of Developed and Developing Countries
Although the government role in the economy has extended to include various sectors of the economy, there are still problems of the causes of government involvement and how such involvement is related to the structure and function of the industrial government. The purpose of this study is to test the government involvement phenomenon both theoretically and empirically. The study compares two approaches to the government theories. The first approach deals with theories of capitalism and focuses on the function of the government methods as they are observed. The second approach deals with theories of the capitalist government and focuses on the functions and the form of the government as deducted from the historical analysis.
Growth and Urbanization of the Texas Population, 1940-1950
It is the purpose of this thesis to consider the growth and urbanization of the Texas population since 1880, with primary emphasis on changes which took place during the decade from 1940-1950. The problem involved, therefore, in the second part of this study is to determine the amount of urbanization which took place in Texas during the 1940-1950 decade, to determine the variations among the several regions and "size groups" of cities, and to describe some of the factors related to such increases and variations.
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