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The Usage of Clitic Pronouns and the Influence of the Definite Article in Spanish among Spanish-Quechua Bilinguals in Peru
This study focuses on the clitic pronoun usage by Spanish-Quechua bilingual speakers in Cuzco, Peru when faced with a question that includes a definite article preceding the direct object. Answers are analyzed to determine whether or not the definite article has an effect on the presence or absence of the clitic pronoun. Direct objects tested were both [+human] and [-human] objects to determine if these variables affect clitic pronoun use as well. Speakers who have identified themselves as bilingual in both Spanish and Quechua were given a survey to complete in order to see what factors may contribute to the use or omission of the clitic pronouns.
Culture Interrupted: Assessing the Effects of the Shining Path Internal Armed Conflict in the Peruvian Highlands
This study was a qualitative examination of social, economic, political, and cultural dilemmas that face Peruvian survivors of the Communist Shining Path Revolution, an internal armed conflict that cut a swath of terror and destruction during the years 1980-2000, with a reported loss of 69,000 residents either killed or considered “disappeared.” The conflict affected primarily poor, uneducated Andean campesinos and townspeople in the highland areas of the Ayacucho District. In this study, I looked closely at the responsibilities of both government and NGOs in the facilitation of readjustment during and after times of instability. In addition, specific challenges the elderly, women and campesinos face in a post-conflict world are analyzed and possible social policies are discerned that might be developed to better implement the transition to a new form of community. Ideas that emerged from this research may assist policy shapers in other less developed countries involved in similar conflicts by examining how Peru dealt with its own issues. Methodology included participant observation and interviews with long-term Ayacuchan residents who stayed-in-place during war time, along with migrants who went to live in shantytowns in more urban areas. The government-mandated Truth and Reconciliation Commission report serves as a framework as it outlined those ultimately deemed responsible and detailed what those affected may expect in the way of appropriate reparations and compensation in the future. Much emphasis is given to the emerging role of women and how ensuing shifts of gender specific cultural roles may affect familial and communal bonds in small-scale societies.
Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2010: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Finacning
This report shows that in spite of the global economic downturn, investment in sustainable energy is still strong.
Tunza: The UNEP Magazine for Youth, Volume 8, Number 1, 2010
Tunza is a UNEP magazine for and by young people. This issue is devoted to biodiversity and threatened habitats.
UNEP Year Book 2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment
This publication presents an overview of global and regional environmental issues and policy decisions during 2010.
UNEP Year Book 2009: New Science in Our Changing Environment
This publication provides an overview of global and regional environmental issues policy decisions during 2009.
Capability and cost assessment of the major forest nations to measure and monitor their forest carbon
According to the Executive Summary, the aims and objective of this report are to provide an assessment of national capacity and capability in 25 tropical countries for measuring and monitoring forest as a requirement for reporting on REDD under IPCC guidelines. This paper was commissioned by the United Kingdom Office of Climate Change as background work to its report 'Climate Change: Financing Global Forests' (the Eliasch Review).
Tunza: The UNEP Magazine for Youth, Volume 6, Number 3, 2008
Tunza is a UNEP magazine for and by young people. This issue is devoted to water usage.
Tunza: The UNEP Magazine for Youth, Volume 4, Number 3, 2007
Tunza is a UNEP magazine for and by young people. This issue is devoted to the value of forest ecosystems.
GEO Year Book 2004/5: An Overview of Our Changing Environment
This publication discusses global environmental efforts, successes, and setbacks of 2004.
Tunza: The UNEP Magazine for Youth, Volume 1, Number 3, 2004
Tunza is a UNEP magazine for and by young people. This issue is devoted to food issues related to the environment.
Tunza: The UNEP Magazine for Youth, Volume 1, Number 1, 2003
Tunza is a magazine published by the UN Environment Programme about environmental issues from a youth perspective. This issue is about freshwater resources.
Inter-American Convention on Sea Turtles
This treaty provides the legal framework for member countries in the Americas and the Caribbean to take actions for the benefit of sea turtles
The Impact of U.S. Arms Transfer Policies on Relations with Peru, 1945-1978
This paper examines United States arms transfer policies as they have been applied to Peru since the end of World War II and analyzes the role of these policies in achieving the goals of the United States as delineated by Luigi Einaudi et al. in their Arms Transfers to Latin America: Toward a Policy of Mutual Respect. The paper traces the course of recent U.S.-Peruvian relations, with special emphasis on Peru's arms acquisitions since 1968. The author concludes that, while U.S. arms transfer policies have undoubtedly strained U.S.-Peruvian relations over the past decade, the refusal of the U.S. to provide advanced weapons to Peru will prove to be in the best interests of the United States in the long run.
Political Factors in the Creation and Implementation of the Andean Foreign Investment Code
The purpose of this investigation is to examine the political factors which came into the creation and implementation of the Andean Foreign Investment Code. This study analyzes the political forces in the creation of the Code and examines the implementation of the Code in each of the Andean countries. This investigation concludes that although the Code has not been implemented uniformly in the Andean countries, it remains an important part of the Andean Common Market. In addition, the continual political consensus among the member countries is emphasized for the continuation of the Andean integration effort.
The European View of the Incas in the Sixteenth Century
This study seeks to ascertain European views concerning the nature of the indigenous population of Peru by employing contemporary works of Spanish chroniclers. Major focus is on the ideological background of the conquest with elaborations on Iberian philosophies held by conquistadors. Equally important are evaluations of Indian religion and social customs based on such sources as Aristotelian and Thomist doctrines as understood by Spanish writers. Political organization and the hierarchy of rulers play vital roles in determining why the Spaniards overwhelmed the Indians. Conquest destroyed the socio-economic structure of the Inca Empire, and the bonds holding communities together were lost as the Incas accepted Catholicism as their cult.
Kew-Eliasch Review Consultation: Report to the Office of Climate Change
This paper discusses the research tools used to create baseline data for carbon offset mechanisms. The paper explains vegetation survey methodologies with examples of their application in a variety of contexts. These range from rapid studies using remote sensing imagery, to full multiphase survey methods. The paper gives specific examples of how these methods are used to monitor deforestation and forest regeneration.
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