UNT Libraries - 464 Matching Results

Search Results

prev Results: 51 - 100 next
Continuous Combinatorics of a Lattice Graph in the Cantor Space
We present a novel theorem of Borel Combinatorics that sheds light on the types of continuous functions that can be defined on the Cantor space. We specifically consider the part X=F(2ᴳ) from the Cantor space, where the group G is the additive group of integer pairs ℤ². That is, X is the set of aperiodic {0,1} labelings of the two-dimensional infinite lattice graph. We give X the Bernoulli shift action, and this action induces a graph on X in which each connected component is again a two-dimensional lattice graph. It is folklore that no continuous (indeed, Borel) function provides a two-coloring of the graph on X, despite the fact that any finite subgraph of X is bipartite. Our main result offers a much more complete analysis of continuous functions on this space. We construct a countable collection of finite graphs, each consisting of twelve "tiles", such that for any property P (such as "two-coloring") that is locally recognizable in the proper sense, a continuous function with property P exists on X if and only if a function with a corresponding property P' exists on one of the graphs in the collection. We present the theorem, and give several applications.
The Relative Complexity of Various Classification Problems among Compact Metric Spaces
In this thesis, we discuss three main projects which are related to Polish groups and their actions on standard Borel spaces. In the first part, we show that the complexity of the classification problem of continua is Borel bireducible to a universal orbit equivalence relation induce by a Polish group on a standard Borel space. In the second part, we compare the relative complexity of various types of classification problems concerning subspaces of [0,1]^n for all natural number n. In the last chapter, we give a topological characterization theorem for the class of locally compact two-sided invariant non-Archimedean Polish groups. Using this theorem, we show the non-existence of a universal group and the existence of a surjectively universal group in the class.
An Exploration of the Word2vec Algorithm: Creating a Vector Representation of a Language Vocabulary that Encodes Meaning and Usage Patterns in the Vector Space Structure
This thesis is an exloration and exposition of a highly efficient shallow neural network algorithm called word2vec, which was developed by T. Mikolov et al. in order to create vector representations of a language vocabulary such that information about the meaning and usage of the vocabulary words is encoded in the vector space structure. Chapter 1 introduces natural language processing, vector representations of language vocabularies, and the word2vec algorithm. Chapter 2 reviews the basic mathematical theory of deterministic convex optimization. Chapter 3 provides background on some concepts from computer science that are used in the word2vec algorithm: Huffman trees, neural networks, and binary cross-entropy. Chapter 4 provides a detailed discussion of the word2vec algorithm itself and includes a discussion of continuous bag of words, skip-gram, hierarchical softmax, and negative sampling. Finally, Chapter 5 explores some applications of vector representations: word categorization, analogy completion, and language translation assistance.
Optimal Strategies for Stopping Near the Top of a Sequence
In Chapter 1 the classical secretary problem is introduced. Chapters 2 and 3 are variations of this problem. Chapter 2, discusses the problem of maximizing the probability of stopping with one of the two highest values in a Bernoulli random walk with arbitrary parameter p and finite time horizon n. The optimal strategy (continue or stop) depends on a sequence of threshold values (critical probabilities) which has an oscillating pattern. Several properties of this sequence have been proved by Dr. Allaart. Further properties have been recently proved. In Chapter 3, a gambler will observe a finite sequence of continuous random variables. After he observes a value he must decide to stop or continue taking observations. He can play two different games A) Win at the maximum or B) Win within a proportion of the maximum. In the first section the sequence to be observed is independent. It is shown that for each n>1, theoptimal win probability in game A is bounded below by (1-1/n)^{n-1}. It is accomplished by reducing the problem to that of choosing the maximum of a special sequence of two-valued random variables and applying the sum-the-odds theorem of Bruss (2000). Secondly, it is assumed the sequence is i.i.d. The best lower bounds are provided for the winning probabilities in game B given any continuous distribution. These bounds are the optimal win probabilities of a game A which was examined by Gilbert and Mosteller (1966).
Contributions to Descriptive Set Theory
In this dissertation we study closure properties of pointclasses, scales on sets of reals and the models L[T2n], which are very natural canonical inner models of ZFC. We first characterize projective-like hierarchies by their associated ordinals. This solves a conjecture of Steel and a conjecture of Kechris, Solovay, and Steel. The solution to the first conjecture allows us in particular to reprove a strong partition property result on the ordinal of a Steel pointclass and derive a new boundedness principle which could be useful in the study of the cardinal structure of L(R). We then develop new methods which produce lightface scales on certain sets of reals. The methods are inspired by Jackson’s proof of the Kechris-Martin theorem. We then generalize the Kechris-Martin Theorem to all the Π12n+1 pointclasses using Jackson’s theory of descriptions. This in turns allows us to characterize the sets of reals of a certain initial segment of the models L[T2n]. We then use this characterization and the generalization of Kechris-Martin theorem to show that the L[T2n] are unique. This generalizes previous work of Hjorth. We then characterize the L[T2n] in term of inner models theory, showing that they actually are constructible models over direct limit of mice with Woodin cardinals, a counterpart to Steel’s result that the L[T2n+1] are extender models, and finally show that the generalized contiuum hypothesis holds in these models, solving a conjecture of Woodin.
Reduced Ideals and Periodic Sequences in Pure Cubic Fields
The “infrastructure” of quadratic fields is a body of theory developed by Dan Shanks, Richard Mollin and others, in which they relate “reduced ideals” in the rings and sub-rings of integers in quadratic fields with periodicity in continued fraction expansions of quadratic numbers. In this thesis, we develop cubic analogs for several infrastructure theorems. We work in the field K=Q(), where 3=m for some square-free integer m, not congruent to ±1, modulo 9. First, we generalize the definition of a reduced ideal so that it applies to K, or to any number field. Then we show that K has only finitely many reduced ideals, and provide an algorithm for listing them. Next, we define a sequence based on the number alpha that is periodic and corresponds to the finite set of reduced principal ideals in K. Using this rudimentary infrastructure, we are able to establish results about fundamental units and reduced ideals for some classes of pure cubic fields. We also introduce an application to Diophantine approximation, in which we present a 2-dimensional analog of the Lagrange value of a badly approximable number, and calculate some examples.
Trees and Ordinal Indices in C(K) Spaces for K Countable Compact
In the dissertation we study the C(K) spaces focusing on the case when K is countable compact and more specifically, the structure of C() spaces for < ω1 via special type of trees that they contain. The dissertation is composed of three major sections. In the first section we give a detailed proof of the theorem of Bessaga and Pelczynski on the isomorphic classification of C() spaces. In due time, we describe the standard bases for C(ω) and prove that the bases are monotone. In the second section we consider the lattice-trees introduced by Bourgain, Rosenthal and Schechtman in C() spaces, and define rerooting and restriction of trees. The last section is devoted to the main results. We give some lower estimates of the ordinal-indices in C(ω). We prove that if the tree in C(ω) has large order with small constant then each function in the root must have infinitely many big coordinates. Along the way we deduce some upper estimates for c0 and C(ω), and give a simple proof of Cambern's result that the Banach-Mazur distance between c0 and c = C(ω) is equal to 3.
Restricting Invariants and Arrangements of Finite Complex Reflection Groups
Suppose that G is a finite, unitary reflection group acting on a complex vector space V and X is a subspace of V. Define N to be the setwise stabilizer of X in G, Z to be the pointwise stabilizer, and C=N/Z. Then restriction defines a homomorphism from the algebra of G-invariant polynomial functions on V to the algebra of C-invariant functions on X. In my thesis, I extend earlier work by Douglass and Röhrle for Coxeter groups to the case where G is a complex reflection group of type G(r,p,n) in the notation of Shephard and Todd and X is in the lattice of the reflection arrangement of G. The main result characterizes when the restriction mapping is surjective in terms of the exponents of G and C and their reflection arrangements.
Condition-dependent Hilbert Spaces for Steepest Descent and Application to the Tricomi Equation
A steepest descent method is constructed for the general setting of a linear differential equation paired with uniqueness-inducing conditions which might yield a generally overdetermined system. The method differs from traditional steepest descent methods by considering the conditions when defining the corresponding Sobolev space. The descent method converges to the unique solution to the differential equation so that change in condition values is minimal. The system has a solution if and only if the first iteration of steepest descent satisfies the system. The finite analogue of the descent method is applied to example problems involving finite difference equations. The well-posed problems include a singular ordinary differential equation and Laplace’s equation, each paired with respective Dirichlet-type conditions. The overdetermined problems include a first-order nonsingular ordinary differential equation with Dirichlet-type conditions and the wave equation with both Dirichlet and Neumann conditions. The method is applied in an investigation of the Tricomi equation, a long-studied equation which acts as a prototype of mixed partial differential equations and has application in transonic flow. The Tricomi equation has been studied for at least ninety years, yet necessary and sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of solutions on an arbitrary mixed domain remain unknown. The domains of interest are rectangular mixed domains. A new type of conditions is introduced. Ladder conditions take the uncommon approach of specifying information on the interior of a mixed domain. Specifically, function values are specified on the parabolic portion of a mixed domain. The remaining conditions are specified on the boundary. A conjecture is posed and states that ladder conditions are necessary and sufficient for existence and uniqueness of a solution to the Tricomi equation. Numerical experiments, produced by application of the descent method, provide strong evidence in support of the conjecture. Ladder conditions allow for a continuous deformation from Dirichlet …
Hermitian Jacobi Forms and Congruences
In this thesis, we introduce a new space of Hermitian Jacobi forms, and we determine its structure. As an application, we study heat cycles of Hermitian Jacobi forms, and we establish a criterion for the existence of U(p) congruences of Hermitian Jacobi forms. We demonstrate that criterion with some explicit examples. Finally, in the appendix we give tables of Fourier series coefficients of several Hermitian Jacobi forms.
Some Effects of the War Upon the Mathematics Curriculum and the Motivating Forces at Work as Reflected in the Dallas City Schools
"To discuss the effect all this war activity has had upon the Dallas Schools and to voice a protest against those who seek to discredit mathematics and at the same time to contribute a readable thesis upon the subject is largely the purpose of this study." --leaf 2
A Comparison of Velocities Computed by Two-Dimensional Potential Theory and Velocities Measured in the Vicinity of an Airfoil
In treating the motion of a fluid mathematically, it is convenient to make some simplifying assumptions. The assumptions which are made will be justifiable if they save long and laborious computations in practical problems, and if the predicted results agree closely enough with experimental results for practical use. In dealing with the flow of air about an airfoil, at subsonic speeds, the fluid will be considered as a homogeneous, incompressible, inviscid fluid.
Topics in Category Theory
The purpose of this paper is to examine some basic topics in category theory. A category consists of a class of mathematical objects along with a morphism class having an associative composition. The paper is divided into two chapters. Chapter I deals with intrinsic properties of categories. Various "sub-objects" and properties of morphisms are defined and examples are given. Chapter II deals with morphisms between categories called functors and the natural transformations between functors. Special types of functors are defined and examples are given.
Properties of Some Classical Integral Domains
Greatest common divisor domains, Bezout domains, valuation rings, and Prüfer domains are studied. Chapter One gives a brief introduction, statements of definitions, and statements of theorems without proof. In Chapter Two theorems about greatest common divisor domains and characterizations of Bezout domains, valuation rings, and Prüfer domains are proved. Also included are characterizations of a flat overring. Some of the results are that an integral domain is a Prüfer domain if and only if every overring is flat and that every overring of a Prüfer domain is a Prüfer domain.
A Partial Characterization of Upper Semi-Continuous Decompositions
The goal of this paper is to characterize, at least partially, upper semi-continuous decompositions of topological spaces and the role that upper semi-continuity plays in preserving certain topological properties under decomposition mappings. Attention is also given to establishing what role upper semi-continuity plays in determining conditions under which decomposition spaces possess certain properties. A number of results for non-upper semi-continuous decompositions are included to help clarify the scope of the part upper semi-continuity plays in determining relationships between topological spaces and their decomposition spaces.
Linear Operators
This paper is a study of linear operators defined on normed linear spaces. A basic knowledge of set theory and vector spaces is assumed, and all spaces considered have real vector spaces. The first chapter is a general introduction that contains assumed definitions and theorems. Included in this chapter is material concerning linear functionals, continuity, and boundedness. The second chapter contains the proofs of three fundamental theorems of linear analysis: the Open Mapping Theorem, the Hahn-Banach Theorem, and the Uniform Boundedness Principle. The third chapter is concerned with applying some of the results established in earlier chapters. In particular, the concepts of compact operators and Schauder bases are introduced, and a proof that an operator is compact if and only if its adjoint is compact is included. This chapter concludes with a proof of an important application of the Open Mapping Theorem, namely, the Closed Graph Theorem.
Valuations and Valuation Rings
This paper is an investigation of several basic properties of ordered Abelian groups, valuations, the relationship between valuation rings, valuations, and their value groups and valuation rings. The proofs to all theorems stated without proof can be found in Zariski and Samuel, Commutative Algebra, Vol. I, 1858. In Chapter I several basic theorems which are used in later proofs are stated without proof, and we prove several theorems on the structure of ordered Abelian groups, and the basic relationships between these groups, valuations, and their valuation rings in a field. In Chapter II we deal with valuation rings, and relate the structure of valuation rings to the structure of their value groups.
Euclidean Rings
The cardinality of the set of units, and of the set of equivalence classes of primes in non-trivial Euclidean domains is discussed with reference to the categories "finite" and "infinite." It is shown that no Euclidean domains exist for which both of these sets are finite. The other three combinations are possible and examples are given. For the more general Euclidean rings, the first combination is possible and examples are likewise given. Prime factorization is also discussed in both Euclidean rings and Euclidean domains. For Euclidean rings, an alternative definition of prime elements in terms of associates is compared and contrasted to the usual definitions.
The Use of Chebyshev Polynomials in Numerical Analysis
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature and practical uses of Chebyshev polynomials. Chapter I gives recognition to mathematicians responsible for studies in this area. Chapter II enumerates several mathematical situations in which the polynomials naturally arise and suggests reasons for the pursuance of their study. Chapter III includes: Chebyshev polynomials as related to "best" polynomial approximation, Chebyshev series, and methods of producing polynomial approximations to continuous functions. Chapter IV discusses the use of Chebyshev polynomials to solve certain differential equations and Chebyshev-Gauss quadrature.
Chebyshev Subsets in Smooth Normed Linear Spaces
This paper is a study of the relation between smoothness of the norm on a normed linear space and the property that every Chebyshev subset is convex. Every normed linear space of finite dimension, having a smooth norm, has the property that every Chebyshev subset is convex. In the second chapter two properties of the norm, uniform Gateaux differentiability and uniform Frechet differentiability where the latter implies the former, are given and are shown to be equivalent to smoothness of the norm in spaces of finite dimension. In the third chapter it is shown that every reflexive normed linear space having a uniformly Gateaux differentiable norm has the property that every weakly closed Chebyshev subset, with non-empty weak interior that is norm-wise dense in the subset, is convex.
Wiener's Approximation Theorem for Locally Compact Abelian Groups
This study of classical and modern harmonic analysis extends the classical Wiener's approximation theorem to locally compact abelian groups. The first chapter deals with harmonic analysis on the n-dimensional Euclidean space. Included in this chapter are some properties of functions in L1(Rn) and T1(Rn), the Wiener-Levy theorem, and Wiener's approximation theorem. The second chapter introduces the notion of standard function algebra, cospectrum, and Wiener algebra. An abstract form of Wiener's approximation theorem and its generalization is obtained. The third chapter introduces the dual group of a locally compact abelian group, defines the Fourier transform of functions in L1(G), and establishes several properties of functions in L1(G) and T1(G). Wiener's approximation theorem and its generalization for L1(G) is established.
Proofs of Some Limit Theorems in Probability
This study gives detailed proofs of some limit theorems in probability which are important in theoretical and applied probability, The general introduction contains definitions and theorems that are basic tools of the later development. Included in this first chapter is material concerning normal distributions and characteristic functions, The second chapter introduces lower and upper bounds of the ratio of the binomial distribution to the normal distribution., Then these bound are used to prove the local Deioivre-Laplace limit theorem. The third chapter includes proofs of the central limit theorems for identically distributed and non-identically distributed random variables,
Absolute Continuity and the Integration of Bounded Set Functions
The first chapter gives basic definitions and theorems concerning set functions and set function integrals. The lemmas and theorems are presented without proof in this chapter. The second chapter deals with absolute continuity and Lipschitz condition. Particular emphasis is placed on the properties of max and min integrals. The third chapter deals with approximating absolutely continuous functions with bounded functions. It also deals with the existence of the integrals composed of various combinations of bounded functions and finitely additive functions. The concluding theorem states if the integral of the product of a bounded function and a non-negative finitely additive function exists, then the integral of the product of the bounded function with an absolutely continuous function exists over any element in a field of subsets of a set U.
Some Properties of Metric Spaces
The study of metric spaces is closely related to the study of topology in that the study of metric spaces concerns itself, also, with sets of points and with a limit point concept based on a function which gives a "distance" between two points. In some topological spaces it is possible to define a distance function between points in such a way that a limit point of a set in the topological sense is also a limit point of the same set in a metric sense. In such a case the topological space is "metrizable". The real numbers with its usual topology is an example of a topological space which is metrizable, the distance function being the absolute value of the difference of two real numbers. Chapters II and III of this thesis attempt to classify, to a certain extent, what type of topological space is metrizable. Chapters IV and V deal with several properties of metric spaces and certain functions of metric spaces, respectively.
Inverse Limit Spaces
Inverse systems, inverse limit spaces, and bonding maps are defined. An investigation of the properties that an inverse limit space inherits, depending on the conditions placed on the factor spaces and bonding maps is made. Conditions necessary to ensure that the inverse limit space is compact, connected, locally connected, and semi-locally connected are examined. A mapping from one inverse system to another is defined and the nature of the function between the respective inverse limits, induced by this mapping, is investigated. Certain restrictions guarantee that the induced function is continuous, onto, monotone, periodic, or open. It is also shown that any compact metric space is the continuous image of the cantor set. Finally, any compact Hausdorff space is characterized as the inverse limit of an inverse system of polyhedra.
Topologies on Complete Lattices
One of the more important concepts in mathematics is the concept of order, that is, the description or comparison of two elements of a set in terms of one preceding or being smaller than or equal to the other. If the elements of a set, as pairs, exhibit certain order-type characteristics, the set is said to be a partially ordered set. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a special class of partially ordered sets, called lattices, and to investigate topologies induced on these lattices by specially defined order related properties called order-convergence and star-convergence.
Spaces of Closed Subsets of a Topological Space
The purpose of this paper is to examine selected topologies, the Vietoris topology in particular, on S(X), the collection of nonempty, closed subsets of a topological space X. Characteristics of open and closed subsets of S(X), with the Vietoris topology, are noted. The relationships between the space X and the space S(X), with the Vietoris topology, concerning the properties of countability, compactness, and connectedness and the separation properties are investigated. Additional topologies are defined on S(X), and each is compared to the Vietoris topology on S(X). Finally, topological convergence of nets of subsets of X is considered. It is found that topological convergence induces a topology on S(X), and that this topology is the Vietoris topology on S(X) when X is a compact, Hausdorff space.
Equivalent Sets and Cardinal Numbers
The purpose of this thesis is to study the equivalence relation between sets A and B: A o B if and only if there exists a one to one function f from A onto B. In Chapter I, some of the fundamental properties of the equivalence relation are derived. Certain basic results on countable and uncountable sets are given. In Chapter II, a number of theorems on equivalent sets are proved and Dedekind's definitions of finite and infinite are compared with the ordinary concepts of finite and infinite. The Bernstein Theorem is studied and three different proofs of it are given. In Chapter III, the concept of cardinal number is introduced by means of two axioms of A. Tarski, and some fundamental theorems on cardinal arithmetic are proved.
Hyperspaces
This paper is an exposition of the theory of the hyperspaces 2^X and C(X) of a topological space X. These spaces are obtained from X by collecting the nonempty closed and nonempty closed connected subsets respectively, and are topologized by the Vietoris topology. The paper is organized in terms of increasing specialization of spaces, beginning with T1 spaces and proceeding through compact spaces, compact metric spaces and metric continua. Several basic techniques in hyperspace theory are discussed, and these techniques are applied to elucidate the topological structure of hyperspaces.
Haar Measure on the Cantor Ternary Set
The purpose of this thesis is to examine certain questions concerning the Cantor ternary set. The second chapter deals with proving that the Cantor ternary set is equivalent to the middle thirds set of [0,1], closed, compact, and has Lebesgue measure zero. Further a proof that the Cantor ternary set is a locally compact, Hausdorff topological group is given. The third chapter is concerned with establishing the existence of a Haar integral on certain topological groups. In particular if G is a locally compact and Hausdorff topological group, then there is a non-zero translation invariant positive linear form on G. The fourth chapter deals with proving that for any Haar integral I on G there exists a unique Haar measure on G that represents I.
Properties of Power Series Rings
This thesis investigates some of the properties of power series rings. The material is divided into three chapters. In Chapter I, some of the basic concepts of rings which are a prerequisite to an understanding of the definitions and theorems which follow are stated. Simple properties of power series rings are developed in Chapter II. Many properties of a ring R are preserved when we attach the indeterminant x to form the power series ring R[[x]]. Further results of power series rings are examined in Chapter III. An important result illustrated in this chapter is that power series rings possess some of the properties of rings of polynomials.
Integrability, Measurability, and Summability of Certain Set Functions
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the integrability, measurability, and summability of certain set functions. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter contains basic definitions and preliminary remarks about set functions and absolute continuity. In Chapter i, the integrability of bounded set functions is investigated. The chapter culminates with a theorem that characterizes the transmission of the integrability of a real function of n bounded set functions. In Chapter III, measurability is defined and a characterization of the transmission of measurability by a function of n variables is provided, In Chapter IV, summability is defined and the summability of set functions is investigated, Included is a characterization of the transmission of summability by a function of n variables.
Valuations on Fields
This thesis investigates some properties of valuations on fields. Basic definitions and theorems assumed are stated in Capter I. Chapter II introduces the concept of a valuation on a field. Real valuations and non-Archimedean valuations are presented. Chapter III generalizes non-Archimedean valuations. Examples are described in Chapters I and II. A result is the theorem stating that a real valuation of a field K is non-Archimedean if and only if $(a+b) < max4# (a), (b) for all a and b in K. Chapter III generally defines a non-Archimedean valuation as an ordered abelian group. Real non-Archimedean valuations are either discrete or nondiscrete. Chapter III shows that every valuation ring identifies a non-Archimedean valuation and every non-Archimedean valuation identifies a valuation ring.
Algorithms of Schensted and Hillman-Grassl and Operations on Standard Bitableaux
In this thesis, we describe Schensted's algorithm for finding the length of a longest increasing subsequence of a finite sequence. Schensted's algorithm also constructs a bijection between permutations of the first N natural numbers and standard bitableaux of size N. We also describe the Hillman-Grassl algorithm which constructs a bijection between reverse plane partitions and the solutions in natural numbers of a linear equation involving hook lengths. Pascal programs and sample output for both algorithms appear in the appendix. In addition, we describe the operations on standard bitableaux corresponding to the operations of inverting and reversing permutations. Finally, we show that these operations generate the dihedral group D_4
Convergence of Infinite Series
The purpose of this paper is to examine certain questions concerning infinite series. The first chapter introduces several basic definitions and theorems from calculus. In particular, this chapter contains the proofs for various convergence tests for series of real numbers. The second chapter deals primarily with the equivalence of absolute convergence, unconditional convergence, bounded multiplier convergence, and c0 multiplier convergence for series of real numbers. Also included in this chapter is a proof that an unconditionally convergent series may be rearranged so that it converges to any real number desired. The third chapter contains a proof of the Silverman-Toeplitz Theorem together with several applications.
Fourier Transforms of Functions on a Finite Abelian Group
This paper presents a theory of Fourier transforms of complex-valued functions on a finite abelian group and investigates two applications of this theory. Chapter I is an introduction with remarks on notation. Basic theory, including Pontrvagin duality and the Poisson Summation formula, is the subject of Chapter II. In Chapter III the Fourier transform is viewed as an intertwining operator for certain unitary group representations. The solution of the eigenvalue problem of the Fourier transform of functions on the group Z/n of integers module n leads to a proof of the quadratic reciprocity law in Chapter IV. Chapter V addresses the, use of the Fourier transform in computing.
An Existence Theorem for an Integral Equation
The principal theorem of this thesis is a theorem by Peano on the existence of a solution to a certain integral equation. The two primary notions underlying this theorem are uniform convergence and equi-continuity. Theorems related to these two topics are proved in Chapter II. In Chapter III we state and prove a classical existence and uniqueness theorem for an integral equation. In Chapter IV we consider the approximation on certain functions by means of elementary expressions involving "bent line" functions. The last chapter, Chapter V, is the proof of the theorem by Peano mentioned above. Also included in this chapter is an example in which the integral equation has more than one solution. The first chapter sets forth basic definitions and theorems with which the reader should be acquainted.
Interpolation and Approximation
In this paper, there are three chapters. The first chapter discusses interpolation. Here a theorem about the uniqueness of the solution to the general interpolation problem is proven. Then the problem of how to represent this unique solution is discussed. Finally, the error involved in the interpolation and the convergence of the interpolation process is developed. In the second chapter a theorem about the uniform approximation to continuous functions is proven. Then the best approximation and the least squares approximation (a special case of best approximation) is discussed. In the third chapter orthogonal polynomials as discussed as well as bounded linear functionals in Hilbert spaces, interpolation and approximation and approximation in Hilbert space.
Sufficient Criteria for Total Differentiability of a Real Valued Function of a Complex Variable in Rn an Extension of H. Rademacher's Result for R²
This thesis provides sufficient conditions for total differentiability almost everywhere of a real-valued function of a complex variable defined on a bounded region in IRn. This thesis extends H. Rademacher's 1918 results in IR2 which culminated in total differentiability, to IRn
Ádám's Conjecture and Its Generalizations
This paper examines idam's conjuecture and some of its generalizations. In terms of Adam's conjecture, we prove Alspach and Parson's results f or Zpq and ZP2. More generally, we prove Babai's characterization of the CI-property, Palfy's characterization of CI-groups, and Brand's result for Zpr for polynomial isomorphism's. We also prove for the first time a characterization of the CI-property for 1 SG, and prove that Zn is a CI-Pn-group where Pn is the group of permutation polynomials on Z,, and n is square free.
Hyperspaces of Continua
Several properties of Hausdorff continua are considered in this paper. However, the major emphasis is on developing the properties of the hyperspaces 2x and C(X) of a Hausdorff continuum X. Preliminary definitions and notation are introduced in Chapter I. Chapters II and III deal with the topological structure of the hyperspaces and the concept of topological convergence. Properties of 2x and C(X) are investigated in Chapter IV, while Chapters V and VI are devoted to the Hausdorff continuum X. Chapter VII consists of theorems pertaining to Whitney maps and order arcs in 2x. Examples of C(X) are provided in Chapter VIII. Inverse sequences of Hausdorff continua and of their hyperspaces are considered in Chapter IX.
Manifolds, Vector Bundles, and Stiefel-Whitney Classes
The problem of embedding a manifold in Euclidean space is considered. Manifolds are introduced in Chapter I along with other basic definitions and examples. Chapter II contains a proof of the Regular Value Theorem along with the "Easy" Whitney Embedding Theorem. In Chapter III, vector bundles are introduced and some of their properties are discussed. Chapter IV introduces the Stiefel-Whitney classes and the four properties that characterize them. Finally, in Chapter V, the Stiefel-Whitney classes are used to produce a lower bound on the dimension of Euclidean space that is needed to embed real projective space.
Product Measure
In this paper we will present two different approaches to the development of product measures. In the second chapter we follow the lead of H. L. Royden in his book Real Analysis and develop product measure in the context of outer measure. The approach in the third and fourth chapters will be the one taken by N. Dunford and J. Schwartz in their book Linear Operators Part I. Specifically, in the fourth chapter, product measures arise almost entirely as a consequence of integration theory. Both developments culminate with proofs of well known theorems due to Fubini and Tonelli.
Subdirectly Irreducible Semigroups
Definition 1.1. The ordered pair (S,*) is a semi-group iff S is a set and * is an associative binary operation (multiplication) on S. Notation. A semigroup (S,*) will ordinarily be referred to by the set S, with the multiplication understood. In other words, if (a,b)e SX , then *[(a,b)] = a*b = ab. The proof of the following proposition is found on p. 4 of Introduction to Semigroups, by Mario Petrich. Proposition 1.2. Every semigroup S satisfies the general associative law.
Explicit Multidimensional Solitary Waves
In this paper we construct explicit examples of solutions to certain nonlinear wave equations. These semilinear equations are the simplest equations known to possess localized solitary waves in more that one spatial dimension. We construct explicit localized standing wave solutions, which generate multidimensional localized traveling solitary waves under the action of velocity boosts. We study the case of two spatial dimensions and a piecewise-linear nonlinearity. We obtain a large subset of the infinite family of standing waves, and we exhibit several interesting features of the family. Our solutions include solitary waves that carry nonzero angular momenta in their rest frames. The spatial profiles of these solutions also furnish examples of symmetry breaking for nonlinear elliptic equations.
Complete Ordered Fields
The purpose of this thesis is to study the concept of completeness in an ordered field. Several conditions which are necessary and sufficient for completeness in an ordered field are examined. In Chapter I the definitions of a field and an ordered field are presented and several properties of fields and ordered fields are noted. Chapter II defines an Archimedean field and presents several conditions equivalent to the Archimedean property. Definitions of a complete ordered field (in terms of a least upper bound) and the set of real numbers are also stated. Chapter III presents eight conditions which are equivalent to completeness in an ordered field. These conditions include the concepts of nested intervals, Dedekind cuts, bounded monotonic sequences, convergent subsequences, open coverings, cluster points, Cauchy sequences, and continuous functions.
Axiom of Choice Equivalences and Some Applications
In this paper several equivalences of the axiom of choice are examined. In particular, the axiom of choice, Zorn's lemma, Tukey's lemma, the Hausdorff maximal principle, and the well-ordering theorem are shown to be equivalent. Cardinal and ordinal number theory is also studied. The Schroder-Bernstein theorem is proven and used in establishing order results for cardinal numbers. It is also demonstrated that the first uncountable ordinal space is unique up to order isomorphism. We conclude by encountering several applications of the axiom of choice. In particular, we show that every vector space must have a Hamel basis and that any two Hamel bases for the same space must have the same cardinality. We establish that the Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice and see the use of the axiom of choice in the proof of the Hahn- Banach theorem.
Homotopies and Deformation Retracts
This paper introduces the background concepts necessary to develop a detailed proof of a theorem by Ralph H. Fox which states that two topological spaces are the same homotopy type if and only if both are deformation retracts of a third space, the mapping cylinder. The concepts of homotopy and deformation are introduced in chapter 2, and retraction and deformation retract are defined in chapter 3. Chapter 4 develops the idea of the mapping cylinder, and the proof is completed. Three special cases are examined in chapter 5.
Duals and Weak Completeness in Certain Sequence Spaces
In this paper the weak completeness of certain sequence spaces is examined. In particular, we show that each of the sequence spaces c0 and 9, 1 < p < c, is a Banach space. A Riesz representation for the dual space of each of these sequence spaces is given. A Riesz representation theorem for Hilbert space is also proven. In the third chapter we conclude that any reflexive space is weakly (sequentially) complete. We give 01 as an example of a non-reflexive space that is weakly complete. Two examples, c0 and YJ, are given of spaces that fail to be weakly complete.
The Riesz Representation Theorem
In 1909, F. Riesz succeeded in giving an integral represntation for continuous linear functionals on C[0,1]. Although other authors, notably Hadamard and Frechet, had given representations for continuous linear functionals on C[0,1], their results lacked the clarity, elegance, and some of the substance (uniqueness) of Riesz's theorem. Subsequently, the integral representation of continuous linear functionals has been known as the Riesz Representation Theorem. In this paper, three different proofs of the Riesz Representation Theorem are presented. The first approach uses the denseness of the Bernstein polynomials in C[0,1] along with results of Helly to write the continuous linear functionals as Stieltjes integrals. The second approach makes use of the Hahn-Banach Theorem in order to write the functional as an integral. The paper concludes with a detailed presentation of a Daniell integral development of the Riesz Representation Theorem.
Back to Top of Screen