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The Electrochemical Etching Process of a Tungsten Wire
This study produced and analyzed shaped tungsten wire tips formed through electrochemical etching. Specifically, the cone length and the radius of curvature of the tip were analyzed. Having the tips move dynamically through an electrolytic solution, such as potassium hydroxide, and tuning the initial starting depth of the tungsten wire along with the dynamic speed of the tungsten wire as it passed throughout the solution allowed various types of tip profiles to be produced. The tip's radius of curvature was able to be reproduced with an accuracy between 88 - 92 %. The method provided would be applicable for the production of various styles of liquid-metal ion source (LMIS) probes and scanning probe microscope (SPM) tips.
Dynamic Screening via Intense Laser Radiation and Its Effects on Bulk and Surface Plasma Dispersion Relations
Recent experimentation with excitation of surface plasmons on a gold film in the Kretschmann configuration have shown what appears to be a superconductive effect. Researchers claimed to see the existence of electron pairing during scattering as well as magnetic field repulsion while twisting the polarization of the laser. In an attempt to explain this, they pointed to a combination of electron-electron scattering in external fields as well as dynamic screening via intense laser radiation. This paper expands upon the latter, taking a look at the properties of a dynamic polarization function, its effects on bulk and surface plasmon dispersion relations, and its various consequences.
Electrolysis of Aluminum Solutions in a Magnetic Field
This investigation is an attempt to verify the original work done by George Antonoff and Anne Rowley, and to contribute specific data on the action of a magnetic field on aluminum cells. Experiments of the type they have described have been performed and an extensive set of data has been collected. It was thought that if the results of Antonoff and Rowley could be duplicated, further investigation would be warranted. However, the experiments have produced negative results. These results are described in detail in these chapters.
Microwave Line Widths of the Asymmetric Top Formic Acid Molecule
This work consisted of an experimental investigation of the formic acid (HCOOH) molecule's rotational spectrum. Measurements of line widths were obtained for J = 5, 12, 13, 19, and 20 for a pressure range from 1 to 10 microns. A linear behavior between Av and p was observed as predicted by theory. The line width parameter Avp was observed to depend on the quantum number J. Hard sphere collision diameters b1 were calculated using the obtained AvP values. These deduced hard sphere values were found to be larger than the physical size of the molecule. This result was found to be in general agreement with other investigation in which long range forces (dipole-dipole) dominate.
Effects of Discharge Tube Geometry on Plasma Ion Oscillations
This study considers the effect, on plasma ion oscillations, of various lengths of discharge tubes as well as various cross sections of discharge tubes. Four different gases were used in generating the plasma. Gas pressure and discharge voltage and current were varied to obtain a large number of signals. A historical survey is given to familiarize the reader with the field. The experimental equipment and procedure used in obtaining data is given. An analysis of the data obtained is presented along with possible explanations for the observed phenomena. Suggestions for future study are made.
Relaxation Time Measurements for Collision Processes in the Surface Layers of Conductors and Semiconductors Near 10 Ghz
This thesis represents one phase of a joint effort of research on the properties of liquids and solids. This work is concerned primarily with the microwave properties of solids. In this investigation the properties exhibited by conductor and semiconductor materials when they are subjected to electromagnetic radiation of microwave frequency are studied. The method utilized in this experiment is the perturbation of a resonant cavity produced by introduction of a cylindrically shaped sample into it.
A Technique for Increasing the Optical Strength of Single-Crystal NaCl and KCl Through Temperature Cycling
This thesis relates a technique for increasing the optical strength of NaCl and KCl single-crystal samples. The 1.06-μm pulsed laser damage thresholds were increased by factors as large as 4.6 for a bulk NaCl single-crystal sample. The bulk laser damage breakdown threshold (LDBT) of the crystal was measured prior to and after heat treatment at 800*C using a Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.06 μm. Bulk and surface LDBTs were also studied on samples annealed at 400° C. These samples showed differences in damage morphology on both cleaved and polished surfaces, and the cleaved surfaces had improved damage thresholds. However, neither the polished surfaces nor the bulk showed improved threshold at the lower annealing temperature.
Automatic Frequency Control of Microwave Radiation Sources
Resonant cavity controlled klystron frequency stabilization circuits and quartz-crystal oscillator frequency stabilization circuits were investigated for reflex klystrons operating at frequencies in the X-band range. The crystal oscillator circuit employed achieved better than 2 parts in 10 in frequency stability. A test of the functional properties of the frequency standard was made using the Stark effect in molecules.
The Classical Limit of Quantum Mechanics
The Feynman path integral formulation of quantum mechanics is a path integral representation for a propagator or probability amplitude in going between two points in space-time. The wave function is expressed in terms of an integral equation from which the Schrodinger equation can be derived. On taking the limit h — 0, the method of stationary phase can be applied and Newton's second law of motion is obtained. Also, the condition the phase vanishes leads to the Hamilton - Jacobi equation. The secondary objective of this paper is to study ways of relating quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. The Ehrenfest theorem is applied to a particle in an electromagnetic field. Expressions are found which are the hermitian Lorentz force operator, the hermitian torque operator, and the hermitian power operator.
The Stopping Power of Amorphous and Channelled Silicon at All Energies as Computed with the Binary Encounter Approximation
This thesis utilizes the binary encounter approximation to calculate the stopping power of protons penetrating silicon. The main goal of the research was to make predictions of the stopping power of silicon for low-energy and medium-energy channelled protons, in the hope that this will motivate experiments to test the theory developed below. In attaining this goal, different stopping power theories were compared and the binary encounter approach was applied to random (non-channelled) and high-energy channelled protons in silicon, and these results were compared with experimental data.
Design and Testing of a Corona Column and a Closed Gas Distribution System for a Tandem Van de Graaff Voltage Generator
The purpose of this study had been to design and test a corona column and an insulating gas distribution system for a small tandem Van de Graaff. The intent of this paper is to describe the gas handling system and to compare experimentally the effects of corona electrode shape on the corona current carried between adjacent sections of the column.
Antiferromagnetic Ordering in Picryl-Amino-Carbazyl
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate other paramagnetic salts to determine whether the W. B. perchlorate type peak was more common than previously suspected. An organic salt, picryl-n-amino-carbazyl, was chosen.
Design and Testing of a Positive Ion Accelerator and Necessary Vacuum System
This thesis is a study of the design and testing of a positive ion accelerator and necessary vacuum system.
The Diurnal Variation of Cosmic Radiation
The primary purpose of this investigation was to study the diurnal variation of cosmic-ray intensity.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a Crystalline Stable Free Radical--Wurster's Blue Perchlorate
This thesis investigates the nuclear magnetic resonance in a crystalline stable free radical.
Temperature Dependence of the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Organic Free Radical Galvinoxyl
This thesis examines temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of the organic free radical galvinoxyl.
A Microwave Spectrometer for Narrow-line Electron Spin Resonance Studies
This thesis explores the basic theory, design and construction of electron spin resonance spectrometer.
A Vacuum Tube for an Electrostatic Generator
The purpose of this study has been to construct two accelerating tubes with small beam apertures for the Van de Graaff, modifying the prototype tube designed and tested by Wiley (20), to design and construct a vacuum system for evacuating the tubes, and to determine the characteristics of the tube under operating conditions while installed in the generator.
Gamma Rays Resulting from Neutron Scattering in Cesium
The purpose of this investigation was to attempt to resolve the energy levels of Cs133 that can be excited by inelastic scattering of 14 Mev neutrons.
The Optimum Design of a Broad-band Helix for Use in Electron Spin Resonance
This thesis examines optimum designs for broad-band helix to be used in electron spin resonance.
A Study of the Celestial Gamma-ray Flux
This thesis is a study of the celestial gamma-ray flux. It reviews several of the proposed mechanisms for producing high energy gamma rays and describes several of the attempts to detect their presence. Also included is a short historical review of the spark chamber, along with a qualitative description of its operation.
The Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility of Galvinoxyl
The twofold purpose of this investigation was to design and construct an apparatus for direct magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature and to provide the complete susceptibility characterization of the free radical galvinoxyl in the room temperature-liquid nitrogen range.
The Dielectric Constant of Galvinoxyl
The molecules in many substances are know to undergo at characteristic temperatures a change in their rotational freedom in the solid state, signifying either a change in structure of the material of the onset of limited rotation of the molecule about some symmetry axis. The purpose of this research was to determine from dielectric constant measurements over the 100°K-420°K temperature range whether or not the organic free radical galvinoxyl and its diamagnetic parent molecule, dihydroxydiphenylmethane, undergo any such transitions.
Gamma Ray Distribution from Neutron Excitation in Cesium
The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the gamma rays resulting from excitation of Cs133 by the inelastic scattering of 14 MeV neutrons and to determine the relative intensity of each gamma ray.
Microwave Cavity Method for Measuring Plasma Properties
This discussion is concerned primarily with communications blackout during spacecraft entry into a planetary atmosphere. The gas in the shock layer, between shock wave and vehicle surface, ionizes from the intense heating which takes place in the bow shock wave and a viscous region of high gas enthalpy. This ionization may persist throughout the subsequent flow over the vehicle and into the wake, thus completely engulfing the vehicle and its communications elements. The problem will be to simulate a plasma model that will be of interest for hypervelocity reentry vehicles and to provide meaningful expressions for the various plasma parameters of interest (electron density, electron temperature, collision frequency, etc.) in terms of the microwave measurables (amplitude, phase shifts, frequency shifts, polarization, etc.)
Electrical Conductivity in Thin Films
This thesis deals with electrical conductivity in thin films. Classical and quantum size effects in conductivity are discussed including some experimental evidence of quantum size effects. The component conductivity along the applied electric field of a thin film in a transverse magnetic field is developed in a density matrix method.
Transport Phenomena in Indium Arsenide at Low Temperatures
This thesis looks at the transport phenomena in indium arsenide at low temperatures.
Application of the Wigner Formalism to a Slightly Relativistic Quantum Plasma
A slightly relativistic fermion gas is described by the dynamical theory obtained from the Wigner distribution function. The problem is approached in a self-consistent manner including the two-body Darwin Hamiltonian. The goal is to find the departures from equilibrium and dispersion relations for wave propagation in the gas.
A Study and Critique of the Mean Position Concept in Relativistic Wave Mechanics
The basic concept to be used in studying the question of one-particle interpretations of relativistic wave equations is that of observables and operator representations that are different from the more usual classically motivated observables and representations. In particular, the concept of a mean-position observable will be used to determine to what extent the one-particle "problems" can be resolved.
Homogeneous Canonical Formalism and Relativistic Wave Equations
This thesis presents a development of classical canonical formalism and the usual transition schema to quantum dynamics. The question of transition from relativistic mechanics to relativistic quantum dynamics is answered by developing a homogeneous formalism which is relativistically invariant. Using this formalism the Klein-Gordon equation is derived as the relativistic analog of the Schroedinger equation. Using this formalism further, a method of generating other relativistic equations (with spin) is presented.
Galvanomagnetic Determination of Energy Bands in Arsenic
A study of the transport properties of a substance requires the determination of a set of transport coefficients by experiment. From these coefficients, the elements of the electrical conductivity tensor, thermoelectric tensor, et cetera can be determined. In this experiment, measurements and analyses of galvanomagnetic effects in a single crystal of arsenic were performed. The measurements were made at liquid-helium temperatures in magnetic fields ranging to 25 kilogauss. The gross isothermal, electrical conductivities have been analyzed to determine various parameters characterizing the energy bands in arsenic.
Solutions of the Equations of Radiative Transfer by an Invariant Imbedding Approach
This thesis is a study of the solutions of the equations of radiative transfer by an invariant imbedding approach.
Monte Carlo Calculations of Reflected Intensities for Real Spherical Atmospheres
To calculate the emergent radiation field, a realistic atmospheric model and algorithm must be developed. The radiation field may be characterized by the emergent intensities of scattered light. This is possible only if the algorithm determines these intensities as dependent upon atmospheric and angular parameters.
Chlorine Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Absorption of 3, 4, 5, 6 - Tetrachlorophthalimide and 1, 3, 6, 8 - Tetrachloropyrene
In this study frequency modulation was used with a regenerative spectrometer and a super-regenerative spectrometer to detect the nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of chlorine in two commercially available compounds, 1, 3, 6, 8 - tetrachlorophyrene and 3, 4, 5, 6 - tetrachlorophthalimide.
Quantized Hydrodynamics
The object of this paper is to derive Landau's theory of quantized hydrodynamics from the many-particle Schroedinger equation. Landau's results are obtained, together with an additional term in the Hamiltonian.
A Decay Scheme for 164 Ho
The present investigation was prompted by several considerations. In previous studies there was considerable variance with regard to the reported values for the half-lives of the isomeric and ground states in 164 Ho. There was also considerable variance with regard to the values reported for the branching ratios and the relative intensities of the transitions. Thus a further study of the problem was needed.
Pressure Dependence of Line Widths of Microwave Spectra of Sulphur Dioxide
Measurements of line width parameters for eleven rotational transitions of type (J -- J + 1) of SO2 were made and are reported herein. The line width quantum number (J) trend was obtained. The microwave spectrograph used for these measurements of line width is described. Operational methods to operate the spectrograph are presented and discussed, with particular attention given to how to measure the line width. Suggestions for future avenues of probing this molecule to ascertain the non-uniform behavior of the line width parameter over the quantum number and frequency range are given.
Cross-Section at 15.6 and 16.1 MeV
The intent of this investigation is the determination of the values of the Cs-133 (n,2n)Cs-132 cross-section at neutron energies of 15.6 and 16.1 MeV. Neutrons of this energy are produced with comparative ease by means of the D-T reaction, in which deuterons of energy 500 and 750 keV, respectively, are impingent upon a tritium target.
Recombination Rate Coefficient Measurements in the Helium Afterglow
This thesis describes a method of determining the recombination rate coefficient experimentally, which does not depend on a specific model of the recombination process. With this method established, results are presented for the recombination rate coefficient measurements at 44.6 Torr.
Measurement of the Atomic-oxygen Concentration under Simulated Upper Atmosphere Conditions
This thesis describes an experimental technique for measuring the atomic-oxygen concentration under simulated upper atmosphere conditions.
A Precision Angular Correlation Table and Calculation of Geometrical Correction Factors
In recent years y-y angular correlations have been very useful in confirming the spins of excited nuclear states. Angular correlation techniques have also been employed to study the electric and magnetic character of excited nuclear states. With these things in mind, it was decided to design, construct, and test a precision angular correlation table.
Cross Section for the 165/Ho (n, 2n) 164/Ho Reaction at 15.6 MeV
It was the purpose of this investigation to bring together the ideas and procedures involved in the measurement of (n, 2n) reaction cross sections. Some of the inherent properties of the material under investigation (Holium) are involved in determining these relationships.
Electron Spin Resonance Absorption in Benzophenone Phenylhydrazone Negative Ion
This thesis reports an electron spin resonance absorption study of the hyperfine interaction between nuclei and a single "nearly-free" electron in dilute solutions of the benzophenone phenylhydrazone free radical in tetrahydrofuran.
Temperature Dependence of Line Widths of the Inversion Spectra of Ammonia
One of the purposes of this work is to investigate modifications that have to be made to a standard source-modulation microwave spectrograph so that it can be used to study gases at various temperatures. Another objective in this work is to determine experimentally the function of temperature that describes how the line widths of microwave spectral lines vary with changing temperature. The most important segment of the study is the temperature dependence of the line width since from an accurate knowledge of this temperature dependence one is able to determine what molecular force fields are present and the relative importance of parts of the molecular force field.
Size Dependence in the Electrical Conductivity of Bismuth
In the present investigation, measurements were made at liquid-helium temperatures on single-crystal bismuth samples which had a stair-step geometry in order to study several thicknesses during one helium run. These samples were also thinned to extend the thickness range of the steps to a thinner region. In addition J.E. Parrott's theory is extended to include a diagonal anisotropic relaxation-time tensor and the effect of holes on the size effect. A discussion of the theory of Parrott, and the extension of Parrott's theory in connection with the experimental results is presented.
Magnetomorphic Oscillations in Cadmium Cylinders
The work presented here is an experimental investigation of the effect of cylindrical geometry on electrical conductivity, in which single-crystal samples of cadmium at the temperature of liquid helium are used, with the diameter on the order of the electron mean free path.
Operation and Control of a Radiofrequency Ion Source
This thesis examines the operation and control of a radiofrequency ion source.
Analyzing Magnet System for the Electrostatic Accelerator
This thesis describes the design and construction of a linear accelerator, specifically, a positive-ion source, a high voltage supply, an accelerating column, and the necessary associated vacuum system.
Thermomagnetic Effects in Antimony at 4.2 [degrees]K
The purpose of this investigation was to study the thermoelectric effects in a single crystal of antimony at liquid-helium temperatures.
Vertex Functions in K-Meson-Nucleon Scattering
The purpose of this study was to investigate some theoretical approaches to the scattering of positive k-mesons by nucleons in an attempt to explain the experimental data. In this work the problem has been investigated by the technique of the weak coupling approximation.
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