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open access

Establishing the Leakage Rates of Mobile Air Conditioners

Description: The purpose of the study is to - based on field measurements - determine the average annual leakage rate of HFC-134a from MACs in the European Union of a "second generation"1 air conditioner. From November 2002, to January 2003 300 measurements of HFC-134a leakage were carried out on air conditioners of cars up to seven years age. The measurements were carried out on vehicles of all EU relevant makes at 19 garages in Germany (Osnabrück), Portugal (Rio Maior) and Sweden (Helsingborg) reflecting … more
Date: April 17, 2003
Creator: Schwarz, Winfried & Harnisch, Jochen
open access

The Global Drylands Initiative: Land Tenure Reform and The Drylands

Description: The paper focuses on the need to rethink conventional wisdom on land tenure approaches and asks how we can best respond to the land tenure problems. It provides a comparative overview of land tenure systems in the drylands, identifies challenges and trends in land tenure reform projects, and offers ideas for decision-makers.
Date: April 2003
Creator: United Nations Development Programme
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