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Annual Variation of Abundance and Composition in Forest Bird Assemblages on Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile
This article discusses the annual variation of abundance and composition in forest bird assemblages on Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Abstract: The structure and dynamics of avian communities in the temperate forests of southern South America have been generally studied during the breeding season (November - March), and reports about seasonal variations and migratory behavior of species are almost lacking. This study examined intra-annual variations on a monthly basis in bird species composition and abundance in the world's southernmost forested ecosystems, found in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile (55°S). Combining data obtained through point-count surveys, mist-netting, and checklist methods, the authors recorded a total of 34 bird species belonging to 20 families. Eighteen of these species were Passeriformes, and the most abundant year-round resident species were Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) and Patagonian Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus patagonicus). The most abundant seasonal migrants species were White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps) and Southern House Wren (Troglodytes musculus). Point-count and mist-netting methods showed a reduction in species richness and abundance during winter, with one third of the bird assemblage absent. This proportion was lower than that documented for more northern Nothofagus forests. Additionally, the authors' data provided no evidence that intra-annual patterns of avian community structure were significantly affected by a recently implemented tourism trail through the Omora Park. The authors believe that understanding seasonal patterns of richness, abundance, and migratory status of Chilean temperate forests birds will help to better understand the world's southernmost forest ecosystem, implement effective conservation, facilitate sustainable ecotourism, and lead to new ecological and evolutionary research. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97951/
The Autecology of the Fío-Fío (Elaenia Albiceps Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) in Subantarctic Forests of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile
This article discusses the autecology of the fío-fío. Abstract: As the most diverse and abundant terrestrial vertebrates in the Cape Horn Archipelago, birds potentially play key roles in the ecology of subantarctic ecosystems. However, the lack of long-term ornithological studies in southern South America has previously hindered the identification of relevant aspects of the autecology of even the most common species. One abundant species in the austral summer is the fío-fío's ecology in the CHBR by determining: a) longevity and site fidelity, b) arrival-departure dates, c) abundance of adults and juveniles, d) diet and e) morphology. A total 827 fío-fíos were banded during the study period. Of the 67 recaptures, it was possible to determine that fío-fíos may live at least up to 7 years. Fío-fíos arrived as early as 28 October and left as late as 15 April with juveniles fledging in January. In the austral archipelago, the fío-fío's diet consisted of 10 invertebrate orders and at least 5 plant species. Males had significantly longer tails and wings than females, while females were significantly heavier in the pre-fledging season (Oct-Dec). This study provides new information on the autecology of fío-fío in the world's southernmost forests. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97944/
Biocultural conservation in Cape Horn: the Magellanic woodpecker as a charismatic species
This book chapter discusses a research project to promote biocultural conservation in Cape Horn, Chile. At the southernmost tip of the Americas, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR) encompasses one of the world's most pristine remaining wilderness areas and is home to the indigenous Yaghan (or Yamana) community, which featured prominently in Charles Darwin's 'Voyage of the Beagle'. Its remoteness and uniqueness, however, are threatened by the introduction of exotic species such as the North American beaver and American mink, increasing development pressures from new connectivity, resource exploitation, and the development of tourism. To implement the biosphere reserve and conserve its natural and cultural richness requires the active participation of the community, as well as linkages and integration between various disciplines and institutions. In an effort to achieve the goal of transdisciplinary integration, the authors used the strategy of identifying a charismatic species, since doing so serves to motivate people towards biodiversity conservation, to communicate ecological concepts, and to integrate both the ecological and social dimensions of sustainability. This study was developed together with the population of Puerto Williams, a town with 2200 inhabitants located on Navarino Island, and the largest human settlement within the CHBR. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97940/
Building a Chilean Network for Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research: Advances, perspectives and relevance
This article discusses building a Chilean network for long-term socio-ecological research. Abstract: Since their formal inception in 1980, long-term ecological research (LTER) programs have served as a successful organizing framework to create research agendas and funding mechanisms that allow scientists to address meaningful ecological phenomena at the scales they occur. In its 30 years of existence, LTER has expanded its geographic range (currently the International LTER network has more than 40 country members with sites on every continent) and disciplinary foci (principally encompassing the natural and social sciences and leading some to call for a name change to long-term socio-ecological research efforts exist in both Chile and Argentina, and in 2008, the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity launched Chile's first concerted effort to link three existing sites (Fray Jorge Forest National Park -33° S, Senda Darwin Biological Station - 43° S, and Omora Ethnobotanical Park - 55° S). Here, the authors present a special feature of the Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, dedicated to LTSER, with the aim of 1) providing a synthesis of some of the most emblematic cases of long-term socio-ecological research in Chile; 2) demonstrating the value of these efforts for the integration of research, education and social outcomes, such as decision making; and 3) offering the perspective of a broad array of participants involved in these initiatives, including graduate students with associated programs from Ibero-America and North America and North America. It is the authors' hope that these compiled works will contribute to the consolidation of the LTSER approach in southern South America both within the academic community and also to better link academia and society. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97937/
Cabo de Hornos: un parque nacional libre de especies exóticas en el confín de América
This article discusses Cape Horn, a National park free from alien species in southernmost South America. The Cape Horn Archipelago, tam- also called Wollaston archipelago, retains its pristine condition, almost completely free of exotic plant species. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102291/
Comentario: Archipiélago Patagónico. La última frontera
This article offers comment by the author on the Patagonian Archipelago as the Final Frontier, as written about in a book by Matthew B. Martinic titled, 'Patagonia Archipelago. The Final Frontier. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102295/
Construyendo una Red Chilena para Estudios Socioecológicos a Largo Plazo: Avances, enfoques y relevancia
This article discusses building a Chilean network for long-term socio-ecological research. Abstract: Since their formal inception in 1980, long-term ecological research (LTER) programs have served as a successful organizing framework to create research agendas and funding mechanisms that allow scientists to address meaningful ecological phenomena at the scales they occur. In its 30 years of existence, LTER has expanded its geographic range (currently the International LTER network has more than 40 country members with sites on every continent) and disciplinary foci (principally encompassing the natural and social sciences and leading some to call for a name change to long-term socio-ecological research efforts exist in both Chile and Argentina, and in 2008, the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity launched Chile's first concerted effort to link three existing sites (Fray Jorge Forest National Park -33° S, Senda Darwin Biological Station - 43° S, and Omora Ethnobotanical Park - 55° S). Here, the authors present a special feature of the Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, dedicated to LTSER, with the aim of 1) providing a synthesis of some of the most emblematic cases of long-term socio-ecological research in Chile; 2) demonstrating the value of these efforts for the integration of research, education and social outcomes, such as decision making; and 3) offering the perspective of a broad array of participants involved in these initiatives, including graduate students with associated programs from Ibero-America and North America and North America. It is the authors' hope that these compiled works will contribute to the consolidation of the LTSER approach in southern South America both within the academic community and also to better link academia and society. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97936/
Desde la ciencia hacia la conservación: el programa de educación y ética ambiental del Parque Etnobotánico Omora
This article discusses the program of education and environmental ethics. The relationship between scientists and society theme of the Symposium of Mendoza, are addressed by the program of education and environmental ethics Omora Park on three interconnected levels: (1) level of ecological sciences, (2) level environmental ethics and (3) biocultural conservation level. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97957/
Diet of the American mink Mustela vison and its potential impact on the native fauna of Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile
This article discusses the diet of the American mink Mustela vison. Abstract: Invasive exotic species of mammalian predators represent a major cause of vertebrate animal extinctions on islands, particularly those that lack native mammalian carnivores. In 2001, the American mink (Mustela vison) was recorded for the first time on Navarino Island, in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (55° S) in Chile, representing the southernmost population of mink worldwide. In order to assess its potential impact on native fauna, the authors studied its diet on Navarino Island, as part of an integrative management program on invasive species. Over a three-year period (2005-2007) the authors collected 512 scats in semi-aquatic habitats: marine coasts, riparian and lake shores. Overall, the main prey was mammals (37% biomass), and birds (36%), followed by fish (24%). Over the spring and summer, mink consumed significantly more birds, whereas mammals constituted the main prey over the autumn and winter when migratory birds had left the area. Among birds, the mink preyed mainly on adult Passeriformes, followed by Anseriformes and Pelecaniformes, caught as chicks. Among mammals, the exotic muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) was the most important prey, and together with the native rodent Abrothrix xanthorhinus it accounted for 78% of the biomass intake. For an integrated management of invasive exotic mammal species on Navarino Island and in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve it is important to further research interactions established here among the various introduced mammals, and to initiate immediate control of the mink population in its initial stage of invasion. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102299/
Dinámica estacional y patrones de distribución de la avifauna asociada a humedales subantárticos en la Reserva de Biosfera Cabo de Hornos (54-55°S), Chile
This article discusses the seasonal dynamics and distribution patterns of birds associated to the sub-Antarctic wetlands in Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (54-55°S), Chile. Abstract: Little is known about bird ecology in sub-Antarctic ecosystems of the Cape Horn Reserve (CHBR), Chile. The authors examined the role of altitude, seashore distance, lake size, season, and vegetation cover in affecting bird diversity and abundance on Navarino Island (54-55°S, 67°W) in the CHBR. The authors determined avian community composition, species richness and relative abundance for wetlands and their adjacent habitats on a seasonal basis. A total of 56 species belonging to 10 orders and 25 families were recorded, and significant seasonal changes for bird species (P = 0.001) and abundance (P < 0.01) were observed, with 33.9% residents, 48.2% winter migrants, and 17.9% with unknown migratory status. The distance of wetlands from the coastline was the main predictor variable for annual species richness (P < 0.01) and total avian abundance (P < 0.05). Wetlands far from the seashore and at higher altitudes had lower diversity and abundance, although the change in elevation was relatively slight (< 300 m). These data show the seasonal patterns and dynamics, as well as the major underlying mechanisms, for birds of wetlands and adjacent habitats in the CHBR. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97949/
Diversity and singularity of the avifauna in the austral peat bogs of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile
This article discusses diversity and singularity of the avifauna in the austral peat bogs of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Abstract: Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs that are strongly embedded within the southern temperate forest matrix are increasingly being used for agriculture. Nevertheless, little is known about their biodiversity. Moreover, the remote areas of southern Chile where peat bogs are found, such as Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR, 54-55°S), where birds are the most diverse and best represented group of vertebrates, have not been well-investigated. With the aim to broaden this knowledge in the CHBR, the authors studied the diversity of the avian assemblage in peat blogs on Navarino Island. The authors compared the composition of avian species between wetlands with and without peat bogs to test if Sphagnum bogs represented a singular habitat for birds in this area. Furthermore, the 37 bird species recorded in these habitats were classified according to guild structure. The community similarity values showed that peat bogs hosted a bird composition that was different from that present in wetlands without Sphagnum, suggesting that peat bogs are a singular type of habitat for birds in the CHBR. The most frequently feeding groups recorded in these wetlands were insectivores (48.7%), followed by omnivores (23.1%). The authors' results showed that, in contrast to previous studies of birds in peat bogs, these environments constituted a distinct wetland habitat for feeding, reproduction and sheltering for some species in the CHBR. Thus, plans for the conservation and rational use of peat ecosystems should consider the high value of these habitats for biodiversity on a landscape scale, especially for birds of the southernmost extreme of the Americas. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97950/
Ecological theory and values in the determination of conservation goals: examples from temperate regions of Germany, United States of America, and Chile
This article discusses ecological theory and values in the determination of conservation goals. Abstract: The definition of conservation goals is a complex task, which involves both ecological sciences and social values. A brief history of conservation strategies in Germany (protection of cultural landscapes), United States (wilderness ideal), and southern Chile (preservation paradigm and the more recent interest in ecotourism) illustrates a broad range of conservation goals. To encompass such an array of conservation dimensions and goals, the ecosystem approach adopted by the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity represents a good approach. However, to become effective, this kind of approach requires clarifying and agreeing upon basic concepts, such as ecosystem. To serve that purpose, the authors present a scheme that considers the selected phenomena, internal relationship, and the component resolution to define an ecosystem. The authors conclude that: (1) conservation traditions encompass interests in the preservation of both natural and cultural heritages, which also appear as mutually dependent dimensions. Hence, nature and humans are brought together as much in the goals as in the processes of conservation. (2) In the context of current global change, it is impossible to completely "isolate" protected areas from direct or indirect human influences. In addition, the current view of nature points out that biota and ecosystems will change over time, even in protected areas. Hence, in order to preserve species or habitats it is not enough to isolate protected areas, but it often requires active management and conservation actions. The two former conclusions suggest the need to revise the conservation approach that has been undertaken in the southern region of Chile, because (a) local people have been systematically excluded from protected areas, and (b) these areas lack personnel and facilities to conduct appropriate conservation and/or management programs. (3) Our analyses of the views of nature and conservation goals in different regions and/or historical moments demonstrate that these involve not only scientific criteria, but also philosophical, political and broader cultural, social and economic dimensions. Hence, effective conservation requires a greater degree of interdisciplinary and interagency cooperation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102284/
Estación Biológica Senda Darwin: Investigación ecológica de largo plazo en la interfase ciencia-sociedad
This article discusses Senda Darwin Biological Station. Abstract: Senda Darwin Biological Station (SDBS) is a field research center immersed in the rural landscape of northern Chiloé island (42°S), where remnant patches of the original evergreen forests coexist with open pastures, secondary successional shrublands, Sphagnum bogs, Eucalyptus plantations and other anthropogenic cover types, constituting an agricultural frontier similar to other regions in Chile and Latin America. Since 1994, the authors have conducted long-term research on selected species of plants (e.g., Pilgerodendron uviferum) and animals (e.g., Aphrastura spinicauda, Dromiciops gliroides) that are considered threatened, poorly known or important for their ecological functions in local ecosystems, and on ecosystems of regional and global relevance (e.g., Sphagnum bogs, North Patagonian and Valdivian rain forests). Research has assessed the responses of species and ecosystems to anthropogenic land-use change, climate change, and the impact of management. During this period, more than 100 scientific publications in national and international journals, and 30 theses (graduate and undergraduate) have been produced by scientists and students associated with SDBS. Because of the authors' understanding of the key role that humans play in ecological processes at this agricultural frontier, since the establishment of SDBS the authors have been committed to creative research on the communication of science to society and ecological education. The integration of SDBS to the nascent Chilean network of long-term socio-ecological research will consolidate and strengthen basic and applied research to project the authors' work into the next decade. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97946/
La ética siempre ha sido ambiental: Implicancias para la conservación biocultural y un concepto geocultural de áreas protegidas
This article discusses environmental ethics and the implications for biocultural conservation and geo-cultural concepts of protected areas. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97955/
Fenología de Tayloria dubyi (Splachnaceae) en las turberas de la Reserva de Biosfera Cabo de Hornos
This article discusses the phenology of Tayloria dubyi (Splachnaceae) in the peatlands of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. Abstract: The sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion harbors a high diversity of bryophytes, greater than the species richness of vascular plants. Despite this fact, phenological studies on bryophytes are lacking for this ecoregion and Chile. Based on the study of the sporophytic phase of Tayloria dubyi, an endemic moss from the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion, the authors propose a methodology for phonological studies on austral bryophytes. The authors defined five phenophases, easily distinguishable with a hand-lens, which were monthly recorded during 2007 and 2008 in populations of T. dubyi at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park and Mejillones Bay on Navarino Island (55°S) in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. The sporophytic (or reproductive) phase of T. dubyi presented a clear seasonality. After growing in November, in three months (December - February) of the austral reproductive season the sporophytes mature and release their spores; by March they are already senescent T. dubyi belongs to the Splachnaceae family for which entomochory (dispersal of spores by insects, specifically Diptera) has been detected in the Northern Hemisphere. The period of spores release in T. dubyi coincides with the months of highest activity of Diptera which are potential dispersers of spores; hence, entomochory could also take place in sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. In sum, the authors' work: (i) defines a methodology for phenological studies in austral bryophytes, (ii) it records a marked seasonality ion the sporophyte phase of T. dubyi, and (iii) it proposes to evaluate in future research the occurrence of entomochory in splachnaceae species growing in the sub-Antarctic peatlands and forest ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97952/
Field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park: Methodological approaches to broaden the ways of integrating the social component ("S") in Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Sites
This article discusses field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park. Abstract: In order to effectively address the problems derived from global environmental change, environmental scientists, citizens and decision-makers now recognize the need to integrate more fully the human or social component into ecological research. The authors propose that to achieve this integration, Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) networks offer an ideal platform, because such sites enable research at ecological, cultural, and political local scales, and at the same time allow addressing these issues at a global scale. However, this socio-ecological work still requires better articulation of programs developed at multiple geographic, ecological and political scales. In addition, until now the social component considered in LTSER programs has focused on economic factors, omitting ethical dimensions. A central reason for this omission is the lack of methodologies to systematically integrate ethics into LTSER programs. As a contribution to resolve this limitation, here the authors develop a methodological approach that the authors call "field environmental philosophy." It integrates ecological research and environmental ethics into biocultural education and conservation through an interrelated four-step cycle: i) interdisciplinary ecological and philosophical research, ii) composition of metaphors, and communication through simple narratives, iii) design of guided field experiences with an ecological and ethical orientation, and iv) implementation of in situ conservation areas. This cycle has been defined a posteriori, by analyzing successful experiences of biocultural research, education and conservation program at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park (OEP) in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR). The Masters of Science in Subantarctic Conservation at the University of Magallanes (UMAG) adopted this cycle as a structured methodology to design theses and academic curricula for students who are creating innovative educational and ecotourism activities, such as "Ecotourism with a Hand Lens" and "Ethical Birding." To articulate the programs at multiple scales, the OEP functions at the local scale as a research center in the CHBR, at the national level as a cofounder and southernmost site of the Chilean LTSER network coordinated by the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile, and at the coordinated by UMAG, IEB and the University of North Texas (UNT). This organization of nested units has permitted to synergistically articulate the work at local, national and international scales. Collaborative research has led to the discovery of biological and cultural diversity singularities in the remote Magellanic subantarctic ecoregion, enabled education and conservation work with multiple social actors and institutions, and has strengthened the incorporation of environmental philosophy into socio-ecological research. In this way, OEP's program is contributing to broaden the definition of the social ("S") component in LTSER, and to generate methodologies to integrate, at multiple scales, ecological and ethical dimensions into socio-ecological research, as well as biocultural education and conservation programs, which could be implemented and assessed at other LTER sites. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97961/
Field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park: Methodological approaches to broaden the ways of integrating the social component ("S") in Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Sites [Material Complementario]
This article discusses field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park. Abstract: In order to effectively address the problems derived from global environmental change, environmental scientists, citizens and decision-makers now recognize the need to integrate more fully the human or social component into ecological research. The authors propose that to achieve this integration, Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) networks offer an ideal platform, because such sites enable research at ecological, cultural, and political local scales, and at the same time allow addressing these issues at a global scale. However, this socio-ecological work still requires better articulation of programs developed at multiple geographic, ecological and political scales. In addition, until now the social component considered in LTSER programs has focused on economic factors, omitting ethical dimensions. A central reason for this omission is the lack of methodologies to systematically integrate ethics into LTSER programs. As a contribution to resolve this limitation, here the authors develop a methodological approach that the authors call "field environmental philosophy." It integrates ecological research and environmental ethics into biocultural education and conservation through an interrelated four-step cycle: i) interdisciplinary ecological and philosophical research, ii) composition of metaphors, and communication through simple narratives, iii) design of guided field experiences with an ecological and ethical orientation, and iv) implementation of in situ conservation areas. This cycle has been defined a posteriori, by analyzing successful experiences of biocultural research, education and conservation program at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park (OEP) in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR). The Masters of Science in Subantarctic Conservation at the University of Magallanes (UMAG) adopted this cycle as a structured methodology to design theses and academic curricula for students who are creating innovative educational and ecotourism activities, such as "Ecotourism with a Hand Lens" and "Ethical Birding." To articulate the programs at multiple scales, the OEP functions at the local scale as a research center in the CHBR, at the national level as a cofounder and southernmost site of the Chilean LTSER network coordinated by the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile, and at the coordinated by UMAG, IEB and the University of North Texas (UNT). This organization of nested units has permitted to synergistically articulate the work at local, national and international scales. Collaborative research has led to the discovery of biological and cultural diversity singularities in the remote Magellanic subantarctic ecoregion, enabled education and conservation work with multiple social actors and institutions, and has strengthened the incorporation of environmental philosophy into socio-ecological research. In this way, OEP's program is contributing to broaden the definition of the social ("S") component in LTSER, and to generate methodologies to integrate, at multiple scales, ecological and ethical dimensions into socio-ecological research, as well as biocultural education and conservation programs, which could be implemented and assessed at other LTSER sites. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97960/
Field Environmental Philosophy and Biocultural Conservation: The Omora Ethnobotanical Park Educational Program
This article discusses field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation. Abstract: Habitats (where we live), habits (how we live), and inhabitants (who we are) constitute an ecosystem unit. The biosphere is composed of a reticulate mosaic of these habitat-habit-inhabitant units, where humans (with their indigenous languages, ecological knowledge, and practices) have coevolved. Today, these diverse ecosystem units are being violently destroyed by the imposition of a single global colonial cultural model. In Cape Horn at the southern end of the Americas, educators, authorities, and decision makers do not know about the native habitats, language, and flora, and do not distinguish between Cape Horn's flora and the flora that grows in other parts of the country or the world. In contrast, indigenous people and old residents have a detailed knowledge, but they do not participate in education, and decision making. It is not Homo Sapiens in general, but bioculturally biased educators, authorities, and decision makers who need to be transformed into (educated and responsible) members and citizen of biocultural communities. The Omora Ethnobotanical Park educational program was launched to contribute to a biocultural citizenship involving three critical steps: (1) the disclosing of biocultural diversity with a "fine filter" approach that permits understanding of the cultural and ecological diversity hidden by general universal labels; (2) direct "face-to-face" encounters with human and nonhuman co-inhabitants; and (3) actions for protection of habitats and implementation of interpretative spaces that facilitate direct encounters and conservation of biocultural diversity. These steps have been implemented at local and regional scales through the creation of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park and the UNESCO Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102296/
Filosofía Ambiental de Campo y Conservación Biocultural: El Programa Educativo del Parque Etnobotánico Omora
This article discusses field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation. Abstract: Habitats (where we live), habits (how we live), and inhabitants (who we are) constitute an ecosystem unit. The biosphere is composed of a reticulate mosaic of these habitat-habit-inhabitant units, where humans (with their indigenous languages, ecological knowledge, and practices) have coevolved. Today, these diverse ecosystem units are being violently destroyed by the imposition of a single global colonial cultural model. In Cape Horn at the southern end of the Americas, educators, authorities, and decision makers do not know about the native habitats, language, and flora, and do not distinguish between Cape Horn's flora and the flora that grows in other parts of the country or the world. In contrast, indigenous people and old residents have a detailed knowledge, but they do not participate in education, and decision making. It is not Homo Sapiens in general, but bioculturally biased educators, authorities, and decision makers who need to be transformed into (educated and responsible) members and citizen of biocultural communities. The Omora Ethnobotanical Park educational program was launched to contribute to a biocultural citizenship involving three critical steps: (1) the disclosing of biocultural diversity with a "fine filter" approach that permits understanding of the cultural and ecological diversity hidden by general universal labels; (2) direct "face-to-face" encounters with human and nonhuman co-inhabitants; and (3) actions for protection of habitats and implementation of interpretative spaces that facilitate direct encounters and conservation of biocultural diversity. These steps have been implemented at local and regional scales through the creation of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park and the UNESCO Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102297/
Filosofía ambiental de campo y conservación biocultural en el Parque Etnobotánico Omora: Aproximaciones metodológicas para ampliar los modos de integrar el componente social ("S") en Sitios de Estudios Socio-Ecológicos a Largo Plazo (SESELP)
This article discusses field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park. Abstract: In order to effectively address the problems derived from global environmental change, environmental scientists, citizens and decision-makers now recognize the need to integrate more fully the human or social component into ecological research. The authors propose that to achieve this integration, Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) networks offer an ideal platform, because such sites enable research at ecological, cultural, and political local scales, and at the same time allow addressing these issues at a global scale. However, this socio-ecological work still requires better articulation of programs developed at multiple geographic, ecological and political scales. In addition, until now the social component considered in LTSER programs has focused on economic factors, omitting ethical dimensions. A central reason for this omission is the lack of methodologies to systematically integrate ethics into LTSER programs. As a contribution to resolve this limitation, here the authors develop a methodological approach that the authors call "field environmental philosophy." It integrates ecological research and environmental ethics into biocultural education and conservation through an interrelated four-step cycle: i) interdisciplinary ecological and philosophical research, ii) composition of metaphors, and communication through simple narratives, iii) design of guided field experiences with an ecological and ethical orientation, and iv) implementation of in situ conservation areas. This cycle has been defined a posteriori, by analyzing successful experiences of biocultural research, education and conservation program at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park (OEP) in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR). The Masters of Science in Subantarctic Conservation at the University of Magallanes (UMAG) adopted this cycle as a structured methodology to design theses and academic curricula for students who are creating innovative educational and ecotourism activities, such as "Ecotourism with a Hand Lens" and "Ethical Birding." To articulate the programs at multiple scales, the OEP functions at the local scale as a research center in the CHBR, at the national level as a cofounder and southernmost site of the Chilean LTSER network coordinated by the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile, and at the coordinated by UMAG, IEB and the University of North Texas (UNT). This organization of nested units has permitted to synergistically articulate the work at local, national and international scales. Collaborative research has led to the discovery of biological and cultural diversity singularities in the remote Magellanic subantarctic ecoregion, enabled education and conservation work with multiple social actors and institutions, and has strengthened the incorporation of environmental philosophy into socio-ecological research. In this way, OEP's program is contributing to broaden the definition of the social ("S") component in LTSER, and to generate methodologies to integrate, at multiple scales, ecological and ethical dimensions into socio-ecological research, as well as biocultural education and conservation programs, which could be implemented and assessed at other LTSER sites. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97959/
Future Environmental Philosophies and Their Biocultural Conservation Interfaces
This article discusses future environmental philosophies and their biocultural conservation interfaces. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102289/
The Hunting Behavior of Black-Shouldered Kites (Elanus Caeruleus Leucurus) in Central Chile
This article discusses the hunting behavior of black-shouldered kites in central Chile. Abstract: Kites of the genus Elanus are found throughout the world principally in open areas such as grasslands, sparse shrublands, and agricultural fields (Brown and Amadon 1968). Because of their characteristic hover-hunting, and their widespread distribution, these kites make interesting subjects for analyses of their hunting behavior. Such studies have been conducted in several regions, including North America (Waian and Stendall 1970, Warner and Rudd 1974, Koplin et al. 1980), Europe (Amat 1979, Heredia 1983), Africa (Tarboton 1978, Mendelsohn 1982), and Australia (Baker-Gabb 1984). However, quantitative information on the hunting behavior of South American kites was nonexistent until now, and is reported here from a locality in central Chile. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102283/
Implicaciones éticas de narrativas Yaganes y Mapuches sobre las aves de los bosques templados de Sudamérica austral
This article discusses the ethical implications of Yahgan and Mapuches narratives of the birds of the temperate forests of southern South America. Abstract: This paper analyzes the ethical implications of Yahgan and Mapuche stories about forest birds of southern Chile and Argentina, from the perspective of biological conservation and environmental philosophy. To allow comparisons among notions of traditional ecological knowledge, evolutionary-ecological sciences, and environmental ethics, the author focuses in two well known metaphors: the "tree of life" and the "web of life". The analysis of the first metaphor allows to conclude that both modern sciences and the Yahgan and Mapuche indigenous cosmogonies affirm a common origin for birds and humans. This notion supports the intrinsic value of the avifauna, because birds are regarded as our evolutionary relatives. This implies that, to a certain degree, the life of birds can be subject to moral considerations based on ontological and ethical judgements commensurable with those involved in assessing the value of human life. The analysis of the metaphor of the "web of life" also reveals essential correspondences between contemporary scientific knowledge and Yahgan and Mapuche traditional ecological knowledge regarding the net of biotic interactions and ecosystem processes. Bird stories such as the Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides sephaniodes) or omora (in yagán) and the Andean Tapaeulo (Scytalopus magellanicus) or tiftifken (in mapuche) affirm, as much as sciences, that it is necessary to preserve the community of birds, and biodiversity in general, to ensure water supply and other ecosystem services and goods in the long term. The ethical imperatives, implicit in the second metaphor, are consistent with the notion of instrumental value. According to it, the conservation of birds can be regarded as an instrument for human survival. Traditional ornithological knowledge and modern sciences provide support for the instrumental and intrinsic value of biodiversity, today both values appeal for a respectful living together with birds. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102288/
Integrando la Ciencia y la Sociedad a través de la Investigación Socio-Ecológica de Largo Plazo
This article discusses integrating science and society through long-term socio-ecological research. Abstract: Long-term ecological research (LTER), addressing problems that encompass decadal or longer time frames, began as a formal term and program in the United States in 1980. While long-term ecological studies and observation began as early as the 1400s and 1800s in Asia and Europe, respectively, the long-term approach was not formalized until the establishment of the U.S. long-term ecological research programs. These programs permitted ecosystem-level experiments and cross-site comparisons that led to insights into the biosphere's structure and function. The holistic ecosystem approach of this initiative also allowed the incorporation of the human-dimension of ecology and recently has given rise to a new concept of long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER). Today, long-term ecological research programs exist in at least thirty-two countries (i.e., members of the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network, ILTER). However, consolidation of the international network within the long-term socio-ecological research paradigm still requires: (1) inclusion of certain remote regions of the world, such as southwestern South America, that are still poorly represented; (2) modifications of the type of research conducted, such as integrating social and natural sciences with the humanities and ethics; and (3) the incorporation of findings and results into broader social and political processes. In this context, a nascent long-term socio-ecological research network in Chile, which extends over the longest latitudinal range of temperate forest in the Southern Hemisphere, adds a new remote region to international long-term ecological research previously overlooked. In addition, collaboration with the University of North Texas and other international partners helps to further develop an interdisciplinary approach for the integration of the ecological sciences and environmental philosophy together with traditional ecological knowledge, informal and formal education, policy, the humanities, socio-political processes, and biocultural conservation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97938/
Integrando las Ciencias Ecológicas y la Ética Ambiental en la Conservación Biocultural de los Ecosistemas Templados Subantárticos de Sudamérica
This article is in a special issue of Environmental Ethics based on the workshop "Integrating Ecological Sciences and Environmental Ethics: New Approaches to Understanding and Conserving Frontier Ecosystems," held in the temperate sub-Antarctic region of southern Chile, in March 2007. The workshop was jointly organized by the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies of the University of North Texas (UNT) and the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-Chile), in collaboration with the Center for Environmental Philosophy, and followed a three-week field graduate course, "Conservation and Society: Biocultural Diversity and Environmental Ethics," involving graduate students from the U.S. and Latin America. These events built on a decade of collaboration between UNT environmental philosophers and Chilean ecologists, and were followed by two symposia held subsequently at two annual meetings of the Ecological Society of America (2007 and 2008). digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102294/
Integrating Ecological Sciences and Environmental Ethics into Biocultural Conservation in South American Temperate Sub-Antarctic Ecosystems
This article is in a special issue of Environmental Ethics based on the workshop "Integrating Ecological Sciences and Environmental Ethics: New Approaches to Understanding and Conserving Frontier Ecosystems," held in the temperate sub-Antarctic region of southern Chile, in March 2007. The workshop was jointly organized by the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies of the University of North Texas (UNT) and the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-Chile), in collaboration with the Center for Environmental Philosophy, and followed a three-week field graduate course, "Conservation and Society: Biocultural Diversity and Environmental Ethics," involving graduate students from the U.S. and Latin America. These events built on a decade of collaboration between UNT environmental philosophers and Chilean ecologists, and were followed by two symposia held subsequently at two annual meetings of the Ecological Society of America (2007 and 2008). digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102293/
Integrating Science and Society through Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research
This article discusses integrating science and society through long-term socio-ecological research. Abstract: Long-term ecological research (LTER), addressing problems that encompass decadal or longer time frames, began as a formal term and program in the United States in 1980. While long-term ecological studies and observation began as early as the 1400s and 1800s in Asia and Europe, respectively, the long-term approach was not formalized until the establishment of the U.S. long-term ecological research programs. These programs permitted ecosystem-level experiments and cross-site comparisons that led to insights into the biosphere's structure and function. The holistic ecosystem approach of this initiative also allowed the incorporation of the human-dimension of ecology and recently has given rise to a new concept of long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER). Today, long-term ecological research programs exist in at least thirty-two countries (i.e., members of the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network, ILTER). However, consolidation of the international network within the long-term socio-ecological research paradigm still requires: (1) inclusion of certain remote regions of the world, such as southwestern South America, that are still poorly represented; (2) modifications of the type of research conducted, such as integrating social and natural sciences with the humanities and ethics; and (3) the incorporation of findings and results into broader social and political processes. In this context, a nascent long-term socio-ecological research network in Chile, which extends over the longest latitudinal range of temperate forest in the Southern Hemisphere, adds a new remote region to international long-term ecological research previously overlooked. In addition, collaboration with the University of North Texas and other international partners helps to further develop an interdisciplinary approach for the integration of the ecological sciences and environmental philosophy together with traditional ecological knowledge, informal and formal education, policy, the humanities, socio-political processes, and biocultural conservation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97939/
Invasive American mink Mustela vison in wetlands of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, southern Chile: what are they eating?
This article discusses invasive American mink Mustela vison in wetlands of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, southern Chile. Abstract: The impact of alien American mink on the native fauna of oceanic islands has been demonstrated in a number of locations. In the sub-Antarctic Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve of southern Chile the species is currently expanding in an area where the native fauna evolved in the absence of terrestrial predators. To evaluate any emerging problems, the authors therefore investigated seasonal variation in prey use by mink on Navarino Island within the Reserve. The authors identified undigested remains in 414 scats collected from the shores of 27 ponds over January-November 2006. Diet consisted mainly of mammals and birds. Mammals, including both native and exotic rodents, were the predominant prey in all seasons but birds were of equal importance during the summer (when birds breed and their abundance and diversity increases on the island). Exotic rodents were the only identifiable mammalian prey item during winter. Native wetlands birds constituted a substantial proportion of mink diet, and greater than that reported in other areas. Many birds breeding on Navarino Island are ground-nesting, a strategy that evolved in the absence of native mammalian predators. Considering the international importance of this region, the authors' results emphasize the need for an assessment of the impact of mink predation on the populations of native prey. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97948/
De las ciencias ecológicas a la ética ambiental
This article discusses ecological sciences and environmental ethics. The ecological and evolutionary sciences provide a "mental image" that offers a spectrum of relationships between society and the natural world broader than that used by classical economics and ethics. Evolutionary sciences claim humans share a common origin with the other biological species. Ecological sciences recognize that human beings establish interactions with a multitude of biological species and ecosystem processes, and more recently emphasized that the welfare of human communities and biotic communities are complementary (Rozzi 2001, Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102290/
Late-Summer Presence of the Patagonian Tyrant, Colorhamphus Parvirostris (Darwin) on Navarino Island, Cape Horn County, Chile
This article discusses the late-summer presence of the Patagonian tyrant, Colorhamphus parvirostris (Darwin) on Navarino Island, Cape Horn County, Chile. Abstract: The southernmost representative of the Tyrannidae, a diversified family with approximately 420 species endemic to the Americas, belongs to a monotypic genus Colorhamphus with only one species: C. parvirostris. Little is known about the Patagonian tyrant, which is considered rare throughout its breeding range and vulnerable to the forest disturbances and habitat fragmentation. Even its distribution and life history are poorly known. During the breeding season it migrates to higher latitudes (>40°S) in southern Chile and Argentina, but small numbers remain within central-southern latitudes year-round (30-40°S). In the high latitudes of Tierra del Fuego it is said to be an accidental visitor, but records of C. parvirostris are extremely rare. As part of the long-term mistnetting and bird census program at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park on Navarino Island, Cape Horn County, Chile (55°S) a total of 1,542 birds belonging to 17 species have been captured with mistnets on Navarino Island. Only 12 were C. parvirostris (<1%). Therefore, this species is indeed rare. However, from 2000 to 2003 all of the few Patagonian tyrants have been captured from late March and April. Its presence on Navarino Island could have become more frequent due to an extension of its latitudinal range associated with global climate change. However, additional observations made on successive years during late summer and fall suggest an alternative, and perhaps complementary, explanation - a short southward migration performed by some individuals prior to their northward migration. This would be the first time that this phenomena is reported for the Southern Hemisphere. Taken together these two hypotheses could re-enforce one other, whereby the southern limit of post-reproductive southerly migrations could be extending due to global warming. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102286/
Local versus Global Knowledge: Diverse Perspectives on Nature in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve
This article discusses local versus global knowledge and diverse perspectives on nature in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. Abstract: A case study of socio-ecological research conducted in Puerto Williams, Chile reveals that persons belonging to different sociocultural groups in Cape Horn have a diversity of perspectives and relationships with nature. For example, a strong sense of home and belonging was expressed by the indigenous Yahgan community and by old residents, mostly descendents of early twentieth-century colonizers. However, people identified with resource use did not include positive answers for a sense of home. The concept of common land presented marked contrasts among respondents. Those identified with a cultivating type of relationship favored private property over public land. For respondents identified with an embedded type of relationship, freedom of movement was one of their most essential values. Some respondents identified with resource use and those identified with intellectual and aesthetic relationships with nature also valued common land. The approach used in this study transforms polarized and dichotomous notions into gradients of perspectives related to different degrees of local and global ecological and cultural environments. The resulting hybrid vision of perspectives on nature may be helpful in times of global change, where both local and global scales contribute to identify specific problematic asymmetries as well as opportunities for communication among different sociocultural groups. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97941/
Many Eyes on Nature: Diverse Perspectives in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve and their Relevance for Conservation
This article discusses research on diverse perspectives in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve in Chile and their relevance for conservation. Abstract: Relationships between humans and nature take multiple forms. This is a fundamental issue in conservation but one that is often neglected, leading to poor conservation outcomes. It is thus imperative that we come to understand better the complex relationships between humans and nature. To do so, we need to examine "nature" and the often assumed dichotomy between humans and nature. We conducted a qualitative social research inquiry to explore the societal relationships with nature in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve in Chile. From the results, the authors developed a framework that illustrates how different "natures" are created in the three-way relationship among the individual, society and the physical world. We further discuss the implications of the co-existence of various "natures" in one place. Their explicit consideration bears important potential for improving conservation practice. The framework can then serve as a heuristic tool for uncovering and addressing challenges in other conservation contexts. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97943/
La Reserva De Biosfera Cabo De Hornos: Un Desafío Para La Conservación De La Biodiversidad E Implementación Del Desarrollo Sustentable En El Extremo Austral De América
This article discusses biodiversity conservation and implementation of sustainable development in southernmost South America and the new biosphere reserve in Cape Horn, located in Antarctica Chilena Province. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102292/
[Review] Infinite Nature
This book review discusses 'Infinite Nature', by R. Bruce Hull. Hull's book dissolves dichotomous positions by portraying a plurality of views about nature and relations between human communities and their environments. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97954/
Senda Darwin Biological Station: Long-term ecological research at the interface between science and society
This article discusses Senda Darwin Biological Station (SDBS). SDBS is a field research center immersed in the rural landscape of northern Chiloé island (42°S), where remnant patches of the original evergreen forests coexist with open pastures, secondary successional shrublands, Sphagnum bogs, Eucalyptus plantations and other anthropogenic cover types, constituting an agricultural frontier similar to other regions in Chile and Latin America. Since 1994, the authors have conducted long-term research on selected species of plants (e.g., Pilgerodendron uviferum) and animals (e.g., Aphrastura spinicauda, Dromiciops gliroides) that are considered threatened, poorly known or important for their ecological functions in local ecosystems, and on ecosystems of regional and global relevance (e.g., Sphagnum bogs, North Patagonian and Valdivian rain forests). Research has assessed the responses of species and ecosystems to anthropogenic land-use change, climate change, and the impact of management. During this period, more than 100 scientific publications in national and international journals, and 30 theses (graduate and undergraduate) have been produced by scientists and students associated with SDBS. Because of the authors' understanding of the key role that humans play in ecological processes at this agricultural frontier, since the establishment of SDBS the authors have been committed to creative research on the communication of science to society and ecological education. The integration of SDBS to the nascent Chilean network of long-term socio-ecological research will consolidate and strengthen basic and applied research to project the authors' work into the next decade. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97945/
Superando la Dicotomía Entre Conocimiento Local y Global: Diversas Perspectivas sobre la Naturaleza en la Reserva de Biosfera Cabo de Hornos
This article discusses local versus global knowledge. A case study of socio-ecological research conducted in Puerto Williams, Chile reveals that persons belonging to different sociocultural groups in Cape Horn have a diversity of perspectives and relationships with nature. For example, a strong sense of home and belonging was expressed by the indigenous Yahgan community and by old residents, mostly descendents of early twentieth-century colonizers. However, people identified with resource use did not include positive answers for a sense of home. The concept of common land presented marked contrasts among respondents. Those identified with a cultivating type of relationship favored private property over public land. For respondents identified with an embedded type of relationship, freedom of movement was one of their most essential values. Some respondents identified with resource use and those identified with intellectual and aesthetic relationships with nature also valued common land. The approach used in this study transforms polarized and dichotomous notions into gradients of perspectives related to different degrees of local and global ecological and cultural environments. The resulting hybrid vision of perspectives on nature may be helpful in times of global change, where both local and global scales contribute to identify specific problematic asymmetries as well as opportunities for communication among different sociocultural groups. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97942/
Ten Dimensions of a Biocultural Conservation Approach at the Austral Tip of the Americas
This article discusses ten dimensions of a biocultural conservation approach at the austral tip of the Americas. In the context of the conference "Building Sustainable Communities in Mexico & U.S.A." organized by the Center for US/Mexico Alliance for Community Renewal, UNT in January 2003, the authors were invited to present a view on sustainability and conservation based on their experience at the southern extreme of the Americas: the Region of Cape Horn, Chile. First, the authors introduce the regional scenario of biological and cultural conservation, and then the authors provide an overview of their approach by defining ten criteria that aim to achieve social well-being and biocultural conservation at the austral tip of the continent. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97956/
Ten Principles for Biocultural Conservation at the Southern Tip of the Americas: The approach of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park
This article discusses ten principles for biocultural conservation at the southern tip of the Americas. Although there is general agreement among conservation practitioners about the need for (1) social involvement on the part of scientists; (2) interdisciplinary approaches; (3) working on local, regional, and global levels; and (4) implementing international agreements on biodiversity and environmental protection, a major challenge we face in conservation today is how to integrate and implement these multiple dimensions. Few researchers have actually offered hands-on examples for showing in practical terms how such integration can be accomplished. To address this challenge the authors present an innovative case study: the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, a long-term biocultural conservation initiative at the southern extreme of the Americas. Located near Puerto Williams (55° S), Cape Horn Archipelago region, Chile, the Omora Park is a public-private reserve that provides material and conceptual foundations for three complementary conservation actions: (1) interdisciplinary scientific research; (2) informal and formal education, i.e., school, university, and training courses; and (3) biocultural conservation. The latter entails an actual reserve that protects biodiversity and the water quality of Puerto Williams' watershed, as well as programs on Yahgan traditional ecological knowledge and interdisciplinary activities, such as "field environmental ethics" and ecotourism, carried out in the reserve. Being at the "end of the world," and within one of the most remote and pristine ecoregions on the planet, Omora Park offers a "bio-cultural treasure." At the same time, its geographical and technological isolation presents a challenge for implementing and sustaining conservation actions. To achieve the general conservation goals, the authors have defined 10 principles that have guided the actions of Omora: (1) interinstitutional cooperation, (2) a participatory approach, (3) an interdisciplinary approach, (4) networking and international cooperation, (5) communication through the media, (6) identification of a flagship species, (7) outdoor formal and information education, (8) economic sustainability and ecotourism, (9) administrative sustainability, and (10) research and conceptual sustainability for conservation. These principles have been effective for establishing the long-term Omora initiative, as well as involving multiple actors, disciplines, and scales. Upon these foundations, the Omora initiative has extended its local goals to the regional level through a successful 5-yr process in cooperation with the Chilean government to create the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, designated by UNESCO in June 2005, with the goal of establishing a long-term institutional-political framework that promotes social well-being and biocultural conservation at the southernmost tip of the Americas. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97958/
A Tribute to Carlos Augusto Angel Maya
This article offers a tribute to Carlos Augusto Angel Maya. The authors explain Maya's life and work and his legacy of infinite value for the community of environmental thought in Colombia, in Latin America, and throughout the world. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97964/
Watershed Conservation and Aquatic Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity in the Alberto D'Agostini National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile
This article discusses watershed conservation and aquatic benthic macroinvertebrate diversity in the Alberto D'Agostini National Park, Tierra Del Fuego, Chile. Southern South America is known globally for its remote and rugged landscapes, which include one of Chile's largest national park: Alberto De Agostini. The singular nature of this area, however, is also found in is flora and fauna. The recent designation of Magellanic Sub-Antarctic Forests as one of the world's last wilderness areas propelled us to question whether there was detailed evidence for this classification in the Tierra del Fuego portion of the De Agostini Park. Therefore, in January 2004 and 2005 boat-based expeditions were carried out around the south-west portion of Tierra del Fuego Island, as well as adjacent islands south of the Beagle Channel. Their purpose was to evaluate the current state of the park's natural resources and to create a baseline of physical, chemical, biological and ecological information that can be used in the administration, conservation and future research of this area. The authors utilized a watershed analysis approach, examining vegetation cover, habitat type and disturbance. Along the major watercourse of each basin, the authors quantified the presence of exotic species, water quality and the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage. The authors found that habitats types were highly diverse with mixed and deciduous forests dominating the eastern portion of the study area and Magellanic evergreen forests and tundra in the west. On average, approximately 50% of the watersheds' areas were covered by forests with exposed rock and tundra occupying 28% and 17%, respectively. Glaciers and herbaceous habitats only made up 3% of study sites. Disturbances from human impacts and introduced species were rare and focused mainly outside the national park and in the eastern portion of the Brecknock peninsula, but significant localized exceptions occurred even in isolated fjords and where fishing and tourism activities were being carried out. Finally, one quality of the archipelago that had not previously been well evaluated was its freshwater ecosystems and biota. The authors' water quality analysis showed that these streams were highly pristine and contained a diverse and largely endemic aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna (e.g. Trichoptera Monocosmoecus hyadesi and Rheochorema magellanicum and the Plecoptera Notoperla fuegiana). Furthermore, many of these taxa provide ideal taxonomic, evolutionary and biogeographic study subjects, given their isolated and ancient lineages, as well as the fact that several orders and families reach their global southern distribution limit in the Fuegian Archipelago (e.g. Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Diptera simuliidae and Coleoptera Dytiscidae). The authors expect these data to further a greater appreciation and understanding of the pristine areas of Tierra del Fuego and that it will help to establish ecological monitoring criteria for Alberto De Agostini National Park, which is also part of the new Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, and mitigate impacts of development on an area that is currently still in a largely natural state. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc102287/