Description: This article discusses the biological and toxicological activity of gases and vapors. Abstract: A large amount of data on the biological and toxicological activity of gases and vapors has been collected from the literature. Processes include sensory irritation thresholds, the Alarie mouse test, inhalation anasthesia, etc. It is shown that a single equation using only five descriptors (properties of the gases and vapors) plus a set of indicator variables for the given processes can correlate 643 biological and non-lethal toxicological activities of 'non-reactive' compounds with a standard deviation of 0.36 log unit. The equation is scaled to sensory irritation thresholds obtained by the procedure of Cometto-Muñiz, and Cain, and provides a general equation for the prediction of sensory irritation thresholds in man. It is suggested that differences in biological/toxicological activity arise primarily from transport from the gas phase to a receptor phase or area, except for odor detection thresholds where interaction with a receptor(s) is important.

Description: This article discusses the solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pure and organic solvent mixtures. Abstract: This work updates Vols. 54, 58, and 59 in the IUPAC Solubility Data Series and presents solubility data for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon solutes dissolved in ternary organic solvent mixtures. Published solubility data for anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene that appeared in the primary literature between 1995 to the end of 2011 are compiled and critically evaluated. Experimental solubility data for 119 different solute-ternary solvent systems are included in the volume. Solubility data published prior to 1995 were contained in three earlier volumes (Vols. 54, 58, and 59) and are not repeated here.

Description: This article discusses the transfer of neutral molecules, ions and ionic species from water to benzonitrile; comparison with nitrobenzene. Equations have been constructed for the transfer of 64 neutral solutes from water and from the gas phase to the solvent benzonitrile. The equations contain five descriptors and can be used to predict further values of the water-benzonitrile and gas-benzonitrile partition coefficients for a wide range of solutes. The water-benzonitrile equation has been extended to include ions and ionic species derived from acids by loss of a proton and bases by acceptance of a proton. Only two further descriptors are needed, one for anions and one for cations. A previous equation for transfer of neutral solutes from water to nitrobenzene has also been extended to include ions and ionic species. Comparison of the equations for transfer to benzonitrile and to nitrobenzene shows that the two solvents behave quite similarly, although benzonitrile as a solvent is a stronger hydrogen bond base.

Description: This book chapter discusses the prediction of partition coefficients and permeability of drug molecules in biological systems with Abraham model solute descriptors derived from measured solubilities and water-to-organic solvent partition coefficients.

Description: This book chapter discusses the selection of ionic liquid solvents for chemical separations based on the Abraham model.