UNT Theses and Dissertations - 297 Matching Results

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Absolute Continuity and the Integration of Bounded Set Functions
The first chapter gives basic definitions and theorems concerning set functions and set function integrals. The lemmas and theorems are presented without proof in this chapter. The second chapter deals with absolute continuity and Lipschitz condition. Particular emphasis is placed on the properties of max and min integrals. The third chapter deals with approximating absolutely continuous functions with bounded functions. It also deals with the existence of the integrals composed of various combinations of bounded functions and finitely additive functions. The concluding theorem states if the integral of the product of a bounded function and a non-negative finitely additive function exists, then the integral of the product of the bounded function with an absolutely continuous function exists over any element in a field of subsets of a set U.
Abstract Measure
This study of abstract measure covers classes of sets, measures and outer measures, extension of measures, and planer measure.
Abstract Vector Spaces and Certain Related Systems
The purpose of this paper is to make a detailed study of vector spaces and a certain vector-like system.
Ádám's Conjecture and Its Generalizations
This paper examines idam's conjuecture and some of its generalizations. In terms of Adam's conjecture, we prove Alspach and Parson's results f or Zpq and ZP2. More generally, we prove Babai's characterization of the CI-property, Palfy's characterization of CI-groups, and Brand's result for Zpr for polynomial isomorphism's. We also prove for the first time a characterization of the CI-property for 1 SG, and prove that Zn is a CI-Pn-group where Pn is the group of permutation polynomials on Z,, and n is square free.
Additive Functions
The purpose of this paper is the analysis of functions of real numbers which have a special additive property, namely, f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y).
Algebraic Integers
The primary purpose of this thesis is to give a substantial generalization of the set of integers Z, where particular emphasis is given to number theoretic questions such as that of unique factorization. The origin of the thesis came from a study of a special case of generalized integers called the Gaussian Integers, namely the set of all complex numbers in the form n + mi, for m,n in Z. The main generalization involves what are called algebraic integers.
Algebraic Number Fields
This thesis investigates various theorems on polynomials over the rationals, algebraic numbers, algebraic integers, and quadratic fields. The material selected in this study is more of a number theoretical aspect than that of an algebraic structural aspect. Therefore, the topics of divisibility, unique factorization, prime numbers, and the roots of certain polynomials have been chosen for primary consideration.
Algebraic Properties of Semigroups
This paper is an algebraic study of selected properties of semigroups. Since a semigroup is a result of weakening the group axioms, all groups are semigroups. One facet of the paper is to demonstrate various semigroup properties that induce the group axioms.
A*-algebras and Minimal Ideals in Topological Rings
The present thesis mainly concerns B*-algebras, A*-algebras, and minimal ideals in topological rings.
Algorithms of Schensted and Hillman-Grassl and Operations on Standard Bitableaux
In this thesis, we describe Schensted's algorithm for finding the length of a longest increasing subsequence of a finite sequence. Schensted's algorithm also constructs a bijection between permutations of the first N natural numbers and standard bitableaux of size N. We also describe the Hillman-Grassl algorithm which constructs a bijection between reverse plane partitions and the solutions in natural numbers of a linear equation involving hook lengths. Pascal programs and sample output for both algorithms appear in the appendix. In addition, we describe the operations on standard bitableaux corresponding to the operations of inverting and reversing permutations. Finally, we show that these operations generate the dihedral group D_4
The Analogues for t-Continuity of Certain Theorems on Ordinary Continuity
This study investigates the relationship between ordinary continuity and t-continuity.
The Analytical Development of the Trigonometric Functions
This thesis is a study of the analytical development of the trigonometric functions.
Applications in Fixed Point Theory
Banach's contraction principle is probably one of the most important theorems in fixed point theory. It has been used to develop much of the rest of fixed point theory. Another key result in the field is a theorem due to Browder, Göhde, and Kirk involving Hilbert spaces and nonexpansive mappings. Several applications of Banach's contraction principle are made. Some of these applications involve obtaining new metrics on a space, forcing a continuous map to have a fixed point, and using conditions on the boundary of a closed ball in a Banach space to obtain a fixed point. Finally, a development of the theorem due to Browder et al. is given with Hilbert spaces replaced by uniformly convex Banach spaces.
An Approximate Solution to the Dirichlet Problem
In the category of mathematics called partial differential equations there is a particular type of problem called the Dirichlet problem. Proof is given in many partial differential equation books that every Dirichlet problem has one and only one solution. The explicit solution is very often not easily determined, so that a method for approximating the solution at certain points becomes desirable. The purpose of this paper is to present and investigate one such method.
Atmospheric Gusts and Their Effect on Aircraft
This thesis investigates atmospheric gusts and their effect on aircraft.
Automorphism Groups
This paper will be concerned mainly with automorphisms of groups. The concept of a group endomorphism will be used at various points in this paper.
Axiom of Choice Equivalences and Some Applications
In this paper several equivalences of the axiom of choice are examined. In particular, the axiom of choice, Zorn's lemma, Tukey's lemma, the Hausdorff maximal principle, and the well-ordering theorem are shown to be equivalent. Cardinal and ordinal number theory is also studied. The Schroder-Bernstein theorem is proven and used in establishing order results for cardinal numbers. It is also demonstrated that the first uncountable ordinal space is unique up to order isomorphism. We conclude by encountering several applications of the axiom of choice. In particular, we show that every vector space must have a Hamel basis and that any two Hamel bases for the same space must have the same cardinality. We establish that the Tychonoff product theorem implies the axiom of choice and see the use of the axiom of choice in the proof of the Hahn- Banach theorem.
Banach Spaces and Weak and Weak* Topologies
This paper examines several questions regarding Banach spaces, completeness and compactness of Banach spaces, dual spaces and weak and weak* topologies. Examples of completeness and isometries are given using the c₀ and 𝓁ᴰ spaces. The Hahn-Banach extension theorem is presented, along with some applications. General theory about finite and infinite dimensional normed linear spaces is the bulk of the second chapter. A proof of the uniform boundedness principle is also given. Chapter three talks in detail about dual spaces and weak and weak* topologies. An embedding proof and proofs involving weak and weak compactness are also given. The Cauchy-Bunyakowski-Schwarz inequality and Alaoglu's theorem are also proven.
Basic Fourier Transforms
The purpose of this paper is to develop some of the more basic Fourier transforms which are the outgrowth of the Fourier theorem. Although often approached from the stand-point of the series, this paper will approach the theorem from the standpoint of the integral.
Borel Determinacy and Metamathematics
Borel determinacy states that if G(T;X) is a game and X is Borel, then G(T;X) is determined. Proved by Martin in 1975, Borel determinacy is a theorem of ZFC set theory, and is, in fact, the best determinacy result in ZFC. However, the proof uses sets of high set theoretic type (N1 many power sets of ω). Friedman proved in 1971 that these sets are necessary by showing that the Axiom of Replacement is necessary for any proof of Borel Determinacy. To prove this, Friedman produces a model of ZC and a Borel set of Turing degrees that neither contains nor omits a cone; so by another theorem of Martin, Borel Determinacy is not a theorem of ZC. This paper contains three main sections: Martin's proof of Borel Determinacy; a simpler example of Friedman's result, namely, (in ZFC) a coanalytic set of Turing degrees that neither contains nor omits a cone; and finally, the Friedman result.
Borel Sets and Baire Functions
This paper examines the relationship between Borel sets and Baire functions.
The Buckling of a Uniformly Compressed Plate with Intermediate Supports
This problem has been selected from the mathematical theory of elasticity. We consider a rectangular plate of thickness h, length a, and width b. The plate is subjected to compressive forces. These forces act in the neutral plane and give the plate a tendency to buckle. However, this problem differs from other plate problems in that it is assumed that there are two intermediate supports located on the edges of the plate parallel to the compressive forces.
The Cantor Ternary Set and Certain of its Generalizations and Applications
This thesis covers the Cantor Ternary Set and generalizations of the Cantor Set, and gives a complete existential theory for three set properties: denumerability, exhaustibility, and zero measure.
Certain Properties of Functions Related to Exhaustibility
In this thesis, we shall attempt to present a study of certain properties of real functions related to the set property exhaustible.
Characterizations of Continua of Finite Degree
In this thesis, some characterizations of continua of finite degree are given. It turns out that being of finite degree (by formal definition) can be described by saying there exists an equivalent metric in which Hausdorff linear measure of the continuum is finite. I discuss this result in detail.
Chebyshev Subsets in Smooth Normed Linear Spaces
This paper is a study of the relation between smoothness of the norm on a normed linear space and the property that every Chebyshev subset is convex. Every normed linear space of finite dimension, having a smooth norm, has the property that every Chebyshev subset is convex. In the second chapter two properties of the norm, uniform Gateaux differentiability and uniform Frechet differentiability where the latter implies the former, are given and are shown to be equivalent to smoothness of the norm in spaces of finite dimension. In the third chapter it is shown that every reflexive normed linear space having a uniformly Gateaux differentiable norm has the property that every weakly closed Chebyshev subset, with non-empty weak interior that is norm-wise dense in the subset, is convex.
A Classification of Regular Planar Graphs
The purpose of this paper is the investigation and classification of regular planar graphs. The motive behind this investigation was a desire to better understand those properties which allow a graph to be represented in the plane in such a manner that no two edges cross except perhaps at vertices.
The Cohomology for the Nil Radical of a Complex Semisimple Lie Algebra
Let g be a complex semisimple Lie algebra, Vλ an irreducible g-module with high weight λ, pI a standard parabolic subalgebra of g with Levi factor £I and nil radical nI, and H*(nI, Vλ) the cohomology group of Λn'I ⊗Vλ. We describe the decomposition of H*(nI, Vλ) into irreducible £1-modules.
Compact Convex Sets in Linear Topological Spaces
The purpose of this paper is to examine properties of convex sets in linear topological spaces with special emphasis on compact convex sets.
Compact Operators and the Schrödinger Equation
In this thesis I look at the theory of compact operators in a general Hilbert space, as well as the inverse of the Hamiltonian operator in the specific case of L2[a,b]. I show that this inverse is a compact, positive, and bounded linear operator. Also the eigenfunctions of this operator form a basis for the space of continuous functions as a subspace of L2[a,b]. A numerical method is proposed to solve for these eigenfunctions when the Hamiltonian is considered as an operator on Rn. The paper finishes with a discussion of examples of Schrödinger equations and the solutions.
Compact Topological Spaces
The purpose of this paper is to investigate some properties of compact topological spaces and to relate these concepts to the separation properties.
Compactness and Equivalent Notions
One of the classic theorems concerning the real numbers states that every open cover of a closed and bounded subset of the real line contains a finite subcover. Compactness is an abstraction of that notion, and there are several ideas concerning it which are equivalent and many which are similar. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the more important of these ideas. This synthesis is accomplished by demonstrating either situations in which two ordinarily different conditions are equivalent or combinations of two or more properties which will guarantee a third.
The Comparability of Cardinals
The purpose of this composition is to develop a rigorous, axiomatic proof of the comparability of the cardinals of infinite sets.
A Comparative Study of Non Linear Conjugate Gradient Methods
We study the development of nonlinear conjugate gradient methods, Fletcher Reeves (FR) and Polak Ribiere (PR). FR extends the linear conjugate gradient method to nonlinear functions by incorporating two changes, for the step length αk a line search is performed and replacing the residual, rk (rk=b-Axk) by the gradient of the nonlinear objective function. The PR method is equivalent to FR method for exact line searches and when the underlying quadratic function is strongly convex. The PR method is basically a variant of FR and primarily differs from it in the choice of the parameter βk. On applying the nonlinear Rosenbrock function to the MATLAB code for the FR and the PR algorithms we observe that the performance of PR method (k=29) is far better than the FR method (k=42). But, we observe that when the MATLAB codes are applied to general nonlinear functions, specifically functions whose minimum is a large negative number not close to zero and the iterates too are large values far off from zero the PR algorithm does not perform well. This problem with the PR method persists even if we run the PR algorithm for more iterations or with an initial guess closer to the actual minimum. To improve the PR algorithm we suggest finding a better weighing parameter βk, using better line search method and/or using specific line search for certain functions and identifying specific restart criteria based on the function to be optimized.
Comparison of Some Mappings in Topology
The main purpose of this paper is the study of transformations in topological space and relationships between special types of transformations.
A Comparison of Velocities Computed by Two-Dimensional Potential Theory and Velocities Measured in the Vicinity of an Airfoil
In treating the motion of a fluid mathematically, it is convenient to make some simplifying assumptions. The assumptions which are made will be justifiable if they save long and laborious computations in practical problems, and if the predicted results agree closely enough with experimental results for practical use. In dealing with the flow of air about an airfoil, at subsonic speeds, the fluid will be considered as a homogeneous, incompressible, inviscid fluid.
Complete Ordered Fields
The purpose of this thesis is to study the concept of completeness in an ordered field. Several conditions which are necessary and sufficient for completeness in an ordered field are examined. In Chapter I the definitions of a field and an ordered field are presented and several properties of fields and ordered fields are noted. Chapter II defines an Archimedean field and presents several conditions equivalent to the Archimedean property. Definitions of a complete ordered field (in terms of a least upper bound) and the set of real numbers are also stated. Chapter III presents eight conditions which are equivalent to completeness in an ordered field. These conditions include the concepts of nested intervals, Dedekind cuts, bounded monotonic sequences, convergent subsequences, open coverings, cluster points, Cauchy sequences, and continuous functions.
Completely Simple Semigroups
The purpose of this thesis is to explore some of the characteristics of 0-simple semigroups and completely 0-simple semigroups.
Completeness Axioms in an Ordered Field
The purpose of this paper was to prove the equivalence of the following completeness axioms. This purpose was carried out by first defining an ordered field and developing some basic theorems relative to it, then proving that lim [(u+u)*]^n = z (where u is the multiplicative identity, z is the additive identity, and * indicates the multiplicative inverse of an element), and finally proving the equivalence of the five axioms.
Completing the Space of Step Functions
In this thesis a study is made of the space X of all step functions on [0,1]. This investigation includes determining a completion space, X*, for the incomplete space X, defining integration for X*, and proving some theorems about integration in X*.
Concerning linear spaces
The basis for this thesis is H. S. Wall's book, Creative Mathematics, with particular emphasis on the chapter in that book entitled "More About Linear Spaces."
Concerning Measure Theory
The purpose of this thesis is to study the concept of measure and associated concepts. The study is general in nature; that is, no particular examples of a measure are given.
Concerning the Convergence of Some Nets
This thesis discusses the convergence of nets through a series of theorems and proofs.
Conditions under which Certain Inequalities Become Equalities
The object of this paper is to consider necessary and sufficient conditions in order for certain important inequalities, which are frequently used in analysis, to reduce to equalities.
Connectedness and Some Concepts Related to Connectedness of a Topological Space
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the idea of topological "connectedness" by presenting some of the basic ideas concerning connectedness along with several related concepts.
Continua and Related Topics
This paper is a study of continue and related metric spaces, Chapter I is an introductory chapter. Irreducible continua and noncut points are the main topics in Chapter II. The third chapter begins with a few results on locally connected spaces. These results are then used to prove results in locally connected continua. Decomposable and indecomposable continua are dealt with in Chapter IV. Totally disconnected metric spaces are studied in the beginning of Chapter V. Then we see that every compact metric space is a continuous image of the Cantor set. A continuous map from the Cantor set onto [0,1] is constructed. Also, a continuous map from [0,1] onto [0,1]x[0,1] is built, Then an order preserving homeomorphism is constructed from a metric arc onto [0,1],
Continuation of Real Functions Defined by Power Series
This thesis looks at power series, particularly in the areas of: radius of convergence, properties of functions represented by power series, algebra of power series, and Taylor's Theorem and continuation by means of power series.
Continued Fractions
The purpose of this paper is to study convergence of certain continued fractions.
Continuous Multifunctions
This paper is a discussion of multifunctions, various types of continuity defined on multifunctions, and implications of continuity for the range and domain sets of the multifunctions.
A Continuous, Nowhere-Differentiable Function with a Dense Set of Proper Local Extrema
In this paper, we use the following scheme to construct a continuous, nowhere-differentiable function 𝑓 which is the uniform limit of a sequence of sawtooth functions 𝑓ₙ : [0, 1] → [0, 1] with increasingly sharp teeth. Let 𝑋 = [0, 1] x [0, 1] and 𝐹(𝑋) be the Hausdorff metric space determined by 𝑋. We define contraction maps 𝑤₁ , 𝑤₂ , 𝑤₃ on 𝑋. These maps define a contraction map 𝑤 on 𝐹(𝑋) via 𝑤(𝐴) = 𝑤₁(𝐴) ⋃ 𝑤₂(𝐴) ⋃ 𝑤₃(𝐴). The iteration under 𝑤 of the diagonal in 𝑋 defines a sequence of graphs of continuous functions 𝑓ₙ. Since 𝑤 is a contraction map in the compact metric space 𝐹(𝑋), 𝑤 has a unique fixed point. Hence, these iterations converge to the fixed point-which turns out to be the graph of our continuous, nowhere-differentiable function 𝑓. Chapter 2 contains the background we will need to engage our task. Chapter 3 includes two results from the Baire Category Theorem. The first is the well known fact that the set of continuous, nowhere-differentiable functions on [0,1] is a residual set in 𝐶[0,1]. The second fact is that the set of continuous functions on [0,1] which have a dense set of proper local extrema is residual in 𝐶[0,1]. In the fourth and last chapter we actually construct our function and prove it is continuous, nowhere-differentiable and has a dense set of proper local extrema. Lastly we iterate the set {(0,0), (1,1)} under 𝑤 and plot its points. Any terms not defined in Chapters 2 through 4 may be found in [2,4]. The same applies to the basic properties of metric spaces which have not been explicitly stated. Throughout, we will let 𝒩 and 𝕽 denote the natural numbers and the real numbers, respectively.
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