Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies conducted on a thin film sea water distillation unit. As stated in the summary, "a General Electric Thin Film Sea Water Distillation Unit designed for marine application has been evaluated. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the thin film process for this application. The technology made available by this work provides criteria for the design of compact equipment" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies conducted on the desulfating process at desalination plants. As stated in the introduction, "the explicit purpose of this study is to determine whether or not application of the feed-water desulfating process to the feed to a desalting plant will reduce the overall cost of desalted water" (p. 1). This report includes tables, and illustrations.
Report examining the uses of concrete in evaporator-type desalting plants. Different types of concrete are evaluated, as well as structures, accessory coatings and sealants, reinforcement materials, and microstructures.
Report investigating concrete for use in a sea water desalination plant. Concretes containing both natural and limestone aggregates were tested under the temperature, pressure, salinity, and structural stress conditions that could be expected in such a plant.
Report evaluating the possibility of eliminating corrodible metallic heat transfer surfaces from sea water desalination streams, using direct-contact liquid-liquid heat transfer instead.
Report concerning the possible use of octafluorocyclobutane, R-C318, being used in the direct freezing process as a means of extracting fresh water from sea water. Topics include using R-C318 to make ice, flash precooling, design of a small direct freezing pilot plant using R-C318, and related economic studies.
Report concerning research for the purpose of designing a fluted tube in downflow Vertical Tube Evaporator (VTE) operation. Liquid flowrate, salinity, and temperature are studied.
Report that "covers the field operation of a 36-in. diameter pressure-vessel-type reverse osmosis system over a seven month period and the post-operational inspection of the unit and associated hardware" - (p. 1).
Report that "evaluates an operation program of a hydrate process for the desalination of sea water in a 10,000 GPD plant located at the Office of Saline Water Research and Development Test Station (Wrightsvile Beach Test Facility at Wrightsville Beach, New Carolina) for the period march 1967 through July 1968" (p. i).
Report presenting accounts of progress in saline water conversion with the expectation that the exchange of the data will contribute to the long-range development of economical processes applicable to large-scale, low-cost demineralization of sea or other saline water.
From Background and Summary: "This report presents a theoretical and experimental study of techniques to improve thin-film evaporation with the use of fluted aluminum tubes."
From Summary: "This report is concerned with specifying the heat transfer performance of a liquid-liquid spray tower and with determining if the performance can be augmented with electrohydrodynamic (EHD) means by reducing the drop size."
Summary & Conclusions: "The study presented in this report was directed toward resolving the uncertainties in the design and prediction methods for heat transfer performance as well as toward analyzing certain aspects of the scaling problem."
From Abstract: "An electronic technique was used in determinations of transference numbers in aqueous electrolyte solutions by the moving-boundary method. Data for 0.1 N NaCl at temperature from 15 degrees to 125 degrees C are presented in this report. Probable causes of difficulty with the method were identified. and recommendations are made in this report for further research to overcome the difficulties."
From Introduction: "The research work described in this report consisted of two phases: analytical and experimental. Because of the complexity of the problem of the interaction between acoustical vibrations and heat transfer, the effort to analyze this problem theoretically began with a search for simplified "mathematical models" of the actual physical processes involved."
From Introduction: "As will be explained in more detail elsewhere in this report, casting methods and drying conditions have been found to have a drastic effect on film permeability to both water and salt. Errors that became evident in temperature control indicated that some of the previous high rates were obtained at temperatures considerably higher than the 100 degrees C that was intended and reported."
From Introduction: "An investigation was undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation to identify the cause of causes of this problem with a particular brackish water. The resistance increase of is of great concern principally because of the increase in power consumption that ultimately contributes to a higher cost for product water. Reports show that membrane stack resistance has increased as much as 200 percent over period of several days."
From Objectives and Outline of the Program: "The primary objective of this work has been the determination of the conditions which control the allowable level of supersaturation of the conditions which control the allowable level of supersaturation of calcium sulfate in the waste stream of electrodialysis demieralizers."
From Introduction: "This investigation was undertaken in order to obtain the appropriate property data for both binary and muticomponent salt solutions and to determine the usefulness of the simple Nernst-type equations, compared with more exact flux-driving force equations, for predicting species transport in molecular diffusion processes of importance in desalination research. The following sections present the details of the approaches taken to each of the tasks and the results derived from these investigations. Information less essential to the analysis of the results was included in the appendices."
From Introduction: "The following sections treat in detail each of the three major phases of this investigation: ordinary diffusion coefficient studies, thermal diffusion coefficient studies, and packed thermogravitational column studies. This report is concluded with a summary of the progress achieved and a discussion of areas for future investigation."
From Introduction: "This is the final report on a program of reverse osmosis research conducted for the Office of Saline Water, U.S. Department of the Interior, under Contract 14-01-0001-929. The purpose of the program was the development of larger spiral-wound reverse osmosis modules for economical application in large reverse osmosis systems."
From Introduction: " With the ultimate objective of improving the process, a study of the mechanism(s) of material transport across the membrane was undertaken; the OSW sponsored a fundamental program of investigation of the Reverse Osmosis Process. Following a brief review of the results of the first year's investigations, the body of this report will cover the accomplishments of the second year's effort."
Report providing information on the economical separation of mineral constituents from sea water or other saline waters. Processes involving the removal of potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, and other elements were to be studied.
From Introduction: "A new concept, that of lateral permeation of product water through a porous substrate, is the basis for both the cost reduction study of plate-and-frame reverse osmosis units and the study of field replacement of membrane and is therefore the subject of the development studies encompassed by this report."
From Summary: "This report is not only the final report under contract #14-01-001-189 but also the first submitted for publication and general distribution on the subject of fresh water from saline water by the Struthers Wells - Scientific Design process."
From Introduction: "The objective of this investigation was to obtain data which will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of ice formation in saline water. That is, whether the crystal growth is controlled by heat transfer, nucleation of new layers, or diffusion of matter."
From Introduction: "This report and the study which went into it form a part of the activities sponsored by the Office of Saline Water, U.S. Department of the Interior, in their accelerated program to develop large plants for the economical desalting of seawater."
From Introduction and Summary: "This report is essentially a continuation of Aerojet Report No. F1027-01-A, submitted to the Office of Saline Water in may 1967. These two reports present the results of the efforts under Contract No. DI 14-01-0001-930 and all amendments. * "
From Introduction: "This report covers the operation at Webster, South Dakota of an Aerojet Model 1-56OB-2 reverse osmosis (RO) unit purchased by the office of Saline Water (OSW) from Aerojet-General Corporation under Contract 14-0100001-1112."
From Introduction: "This report includes the sixth segment of a continuing effort begun early in 1963. Purpose of the work is the scale-up of reverse osmosis from a laboratory curiosity to an economical system for the production of potable water from salty feeds."
From Introduction & Scope: "This study was undertaken for the Office of Saline Water to determine the optimum brine heater outlet temperature in single-purpose sea water conversion evaporators for several fuel costs, based on balancing the increased performance ratio possible with high-temperature operations against the increased cost of pressure vessels, corrosion protection, and scale control."
From Introduction: "This report contains the results of an optimization study conducted in the general field of design and economics of dual-purpose water desalination plants."
From Summary: "Heat transfer coefficients for 2-, 2.5-, and 3-inch diameter horizontal aluminum-brass tubes are presented and correlated as functions of tube diameter, tube spacing, feed rate, feed salinity, heat flux, boiling point, and vapor velocity. A model of the heat transfer mechanism is proposed to explain and correlate the results."
From Introduction and Objectives: "This report presents a preliminary analysis of a 2.04-Mgd distillation plant which provides a distinct potential for reducing water production costs to about $0.65 per 1000 gallons."
From Introduction and Summary: "The overall objective of this program was to develop an economical tubular reverse osmosis system for desalination of brackish water. Major emphasis was placed on the following aspects of the system. The work accomplished is summarized in the following paragraphs."
From Abstract: "This report contains the results of a 15-month study of the chemistry of mixed iconic extractant systems and their possible application to the recovery of by-products from desalination brines."
From introduction: "In the process of being developed under Contract No. 14-01-001-202 fertilizer grade phosphoric acid (or sodium phosphates obtained from reacting phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide or soda ash) is mixed with sea water. The subsequent addition of ammonia causes the precipitation of solids which are then allowed to settle from water. The resulting descaled sea water is now ready for utilization in a water recovering plant."
From Recommendations: "Laboratory research on the process for descaling sea water should be continued to improve the process and thereby lower the cost. Research efforts should be concentrated on methods for producing low cost sodium phosphates (needed for the precipitation of the scale-forming elements) from fertilizer grade phosphates and on increasing the crystalline nature of the phosphate precipitates (to reduce dewatering costs). The descaled sea water should be experimentally evaluated first in the laboratory and later under actual operating conditions so that its value to the water recovery program may be established."
From Introduction and Purpose of Studies: "The Bureau of Reclamation was engaged to administer contracts with pump manufactures to supply data on large pumping units capable of withstanding aerated sea water and the hot brine solutions to be encountered in such plants. The data, as evaluated in this report, are to be made available to 15 or more architect-engineers who have been engaged to prepare conceptual designs of the treatment plants."
From Introduction: "Progress of research related to problems encountered in processes for desalination by freezing is summarized in this report, which is the first annual progress report called for under the terms of Grant 14-01-0001-295 made to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by the Office of Saline Water in 1962."
From Results: "Prior to stating results achieved, let us first discuss the measurements we were able to make, and how these measurements might--or might not--be indicative of the objective we strove to reach. Tables I and II, and related Figs. 11 and 12, show the best results obtained. Final Columns of Tables I and II are believed to show, at least to a degree, how good or how poor our best sputtered films turned out to be, compared with top-quality Peliter semiconductor materials."
From Forward and From Introductory- Summary : "This is the seventy-eighth of a series of reports designed to present accounts of progress in saline water conversion with the expectation that the exchange of such data will contribute to the long-range development of economical processes applicable to large-scale, low-cost dimineralization of sea or other saline water. The distillation system has operated with only minor difficulties. Mass transfer coefficients are in the range predicted from previous experiments. It is emphasized that the data reported above are not the best values obtained, but rather those upon which there is statistical justification based upon analysis of all the data."
Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies conducted on the reverse-osmosis program. The methods of desalination through osmosis are discussed. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
From Introduction: "The study of the conversion of saline water by direct freezing using a secondary refrigerant has been sponsored by the the Office of Saline Water at Cornell University since the beginning of 1958. This report first considers the energy relationships which can be the basis for much controversy regarding the freezing process."
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