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Additional Experiments With Flat-Top Wing- Body Combinations at High Supersonic Speeds
Memorandum presenting an experimental study of the effects of several variations in configuration geometry on the aerodynamic characteristics of flat-top wing-body combinations. Generally, the configurations consist of one half of a body of revolution mounted beneath a wing of essentially arrow plan form. Results regarding the effect of trailing-edge sweep, effect of the addition of auxiliary bodies, effect of tip-flap deflection, effect of dihedral, effect of leading-edge sweep, effect of fuselage fineness ratio, effect of fuselage profile shape, and static longitudinal stability characteristics are provided.
Additional Fatigue Tests on Effects of Design Details in 355-T6 Sand-Cast Aluminum Alloy
From Introduction: "Reported herein are results of the additional direct-stress fatigue tests on: (1) a plate-type specimen with cored centrally located hole and (2) 0.300-inch-diameter round polished specimens with various degrees of porosity."
Additional free-flight tests of the rolling effectiveness of several wing-spoiler arrangements at high subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds
From Introduction: "The purpose of the present paper is to present results obtained recently relating to the characteristics of a full-span sharp-edge spoiler with an 0.02-chord projection above the wing surface at several chordwise positions and also to the relative effectiveness of the sharp-edge spoiler and a wedge-type spoiler located at the 80-percent-chord line."
Additional measurements of the low-speed static stability of a configuration employing three triangular wing panels and a body of equal length
From Introduction: "The results of an investigation of the low-speed static stability of a simplified model of such an arrangement having one of the airfoils placed vertically on top of the body and the other two as wing panels having negative dihedral are presented in reference 1. In order to provide information for predicting the effects of changes in the basic configuration on the low-speed stability characteristics presented in reference 1, additional measurements have been made."
Additional Results in a Free-Flight Investigation of Control Effectiveness of Full-Span, 0.2-Chord Plain Ailerons at High Subsonic, Transonic, and Supersonic Speeds to Determine Some Effects of Wing Sweepback, Aspect Ratio, Taper, and Section Thickness Ratio
Report discussing an aerodynamic control effectiveness study using free-flight, rocket-propelled test vehicles. Information about the effects of wing sweepback, aspect ratio, taper ratio, and section thickness ratio on the rolling effectiveness of full-span, sealed ailerons is provided.
Additional results of an investigation at transonic speeds to determine the effects of a heated propulsive jet on the drag characteristics of a series of related afterbodies
From Introduction: "Presented in this report are the basic data obtained from investigation. The data are presented with limited analysis in order to expedite their availability to those concerned with jet-exit-afterbody design."
Additional Results on the Static Longitudinal and Lateral Stability Characteristics of a 0.05-Scale Model of the Convair F2Y-1 Airplane at High Subsonic Speeds
"Additional results on the static longitudinal and lateral stability characteristics of a 0.05-scale model of the Convair F2Y-1 water-based fighter airplane were obtained in the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel over a Mach number range of 0.50 to 0.92. The maximum angle-of-attack range (obtained at the lower Mach numbers) was from -2 degrees to 25 degrees. The sideslip-angle range investigated was from -4 degrees to 12 degrees" (p. 1).
Additional Studies of the Stability and Controllability of an Unswept-Wing Vertically Rising Airplane Model in Hovering Flight Including Studies of Various Tethered Landing Techniques
Report discussing the results of an investigation to determine the stability and control characteristics of a flying model of an unswept-wing vertically rising airplane. Information about stabilization, maneuverability, rolling motions, and landings is provided.
The adhesion of molten boron oxide to various materials
This report includes the description and results of an experiment evaluating the amount of adhesion existing between the liquid boron oxide and various materials used in engines.
Adhesive and protective characteristics of ceramic coating A-417 and its effect on engine life of forged Refractaloy-26 (AMS 5760) and cast stellite 21 (AMS 5385) turbine blades
The adhesive and protective characteristics of National Bureau of Standards Coating A-417 were investigated, as well as the effect of the coating on the life of forged Refractaloy 26 and cast Stellite 21 turbine blades. Coated and uncoated blades were run in a full-scale J33-9 engine and were subjected to simulated service operations consisting of consecutive 20-minute cycles (15 min at rated speed and approximately 5 min at idle). The ceramic coating adhered well to Refractaloy 26 and Stellite 21 turbine blades operated at 1500 degrees F. The coating also prevented corrosion of the Refractaloy 26, a corrosion-sensitive nickel-base alloy, and of the Stellite 21, a relatively corrosion-resistant cobalt-base alloy. Although the coating prevented corrosion of both alloys, it had no apparent effect on blade life.
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of a deck-inlet multijet water-based-aircraft configuration designed for supersonic flight
From Introduction: "In the present investigation, lift, drag, and pitching moment were determined over a Mach number range 0.6 to 1.42. Smooth-water takeoff and landing stability and resistance were investigated. A brief check of the rough-water spray and behavior was also made."
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of a proposed supersonic multijet water-based hydro-ski aircraft with a variable-incidence wing
From Introduction: "The configuration described in this paper represents one approach to such an airplane and the results of the wind-tunnel and tank evaluations are presented. In the present investigation, the aerodynamic longitudinal characteristics over a Mach number range from 0.6 to 1.97 were obtained."
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of models of some aircraft-towed mine-sweeping devices : TED No. NACA AR 8201
This report details a study that was conducted by the U.S. Naval Air Development Center to "determine the feasibility of several airborne magnetic mine-sweeping methods. The advantages of a satisfactory airborne method are greater safety and speed than are possible with existing surface methods." The configurations and results of the double Q-sweep, the modified double-catenary sweep, and the M-sweep are examined.
Aerodynamic and inlet-flow-field characteristics at a free-stream Mach number of 3.0 for airplanes with circular fuselage cross sections and for two engine locations
Report presenting an experimental investigation of several airplane configurations at Mach 3.0 in a continuous flow tunnel. The configurations had circular fuselage cross sections and a sweptback wing and either two nacelles or two side inlets.
Aerodynamic and Lateral-Control Characteristics of a 1/28-Scale Model of the Bell X-1 Airplane Wing-Fuselage Combination: Transonic-Bump Method
Report discussing an investigation into the lateral-control characteristics and the pitching-moment characteristics of a scale model of the X-1 wing-fuselage configuration. Information about the estimated variation of rolling effectiveness and wing-fuselage pitching-moment coefficient is described in detail.
Aerodynamic characteristics and pressure distributions of a 6-percent-thick 49 degree sweptback wing with blowing over half-span and full-span flaps
From Introduction: "The investigation reported herein was initiated to define further the effects on the aerodynamic characteristics and load distribution of a thin, sweptback wing of a low-pressure blowing system and also to provide information on which to base a more thorough study of a complete airplane configuration."
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 1.25 of a 6-Percent-Thick Triangular Wing and 6- and 9-Percent-Thick Triangular Wings in Combination With a Fuselage: Wing Aspect Ratio 2.31, Biconvex Airfoil Sections
Report discussing testing to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of two semispan delta-wing configurations. Information about the lift characteristics, drag characteristics, pitching-moment characteristics, and comparison with other results is provided.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 1.38 of Four Wings of Aspect Ratio 4 Having Quarter-Chord Sweep Angles of 0 Degrees, 35 Degrees, 45 Degrees, and 60 Degrees
Report discussing testing to determine the supersonic aerodynamic characteristics of four sweptback wings and wing-body configurations at several angles. Information about basic wing data, modifications to the 60 degree wing, the effects of sweep, and effects of fuselage are included.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 6.8 of Two Hypersonic Missile Configurations, One With Low-Aspect-Ratio Cruciform Fins and Trailing-Edge Flaps and One With a Flared Afterbody and All-Movable Controls
Report presenting an investigation to determine the aerodynamic characteristics in pitch at a Mach number of 6.8 of hypersonic missile configurations with cruciform trailing-edge flaps and all-movable control surfaces. Testing indicated that all-movable controls on the flared-afterbody model should be capable of producing much larger values of trim lift and of normal acceleration than the trailing-edge-flap configuration. Some of the configurations tested include body alone, body with 5 degree fins and trailing-edge flaps, and body with 10 degree flare and all-movable controls.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at a Mach Number of 6.8 of Two Hypersonic Missile Configurations, One With Low-Aspect-Ratio Cruciform Fins and Trailing-Edge Flaps and One With a Flared Afterbody and All-Movable Controls
Report discussing an investigation to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic missile configurations with cruciform trailing-edge flaps with all-movable control surfaces. The all-movable controls were found to produce much larger values of trim lift and normal acceleration than the trailing-edge-flap configuration.
Aerodynamic characteristics at high and low subsonic Mach numbers of four NACA 6-series airfoil sections at angles of attack from -2 to 31 degrees
From Introduction: "The airfoil sections tested, which differ only in thickness ratio, were the NACA 64-006, 64-008, 64-010, and 641-012. Lift, drag, and pitching-moment data were obtained for Mach numbers of 0.3 to that for tunnel choke at angles of attack of -2^o to 31^o. The results of this investigation are reported herein."
Aerodynamic Characteristics at High and Low Subsonic Mach Numbers of the NACA 0012, 64₂-015, and 64₃-018 Airfoil Sections at Angles of Attack from -2 Degrees to 30 Degrees
An investigation has been made in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel of the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 0012, 64(sub 2)-015, and 64(sub 3)-018 airfoil sections. Data were obtained at Mach numbers from 0.3 to that for tunnel choke, at angles of attack from -2deg to 30deg, and with the surface. of each airfoil smooth-and with roughness applied at the leading edge.The Reynolds numbers of the tests ranged from 0.8 x 10(exp 6) to 4.4 x 10(exp 6). The results are presented as variations of lift, drag, and quarter-chord pitching-moment coefficients with Mach number.
Aerodynamic characteristics at high speeds of a two-blade NACA 10-(3)(062)-045 propeller and of a two-blade NACA 10-(3)(08)-045 propeller
From Introduction: "The aerodynamic characteristics of a series of 10-foot-diameter propellers are being investigated in the Langley 16-foot high-speed tunnel in a comprehensive propeller research program. Using high-critical-speed NACA 16-series airfoil sections (reference 1), these propellers are designed to have Betz minimum induced-energy loss loading (reference 2) for a blade angle of 45^o at the 0.7 radius, when used as a four-blade propeller operating at an advance ratio of approximately 2.1 The ultimate purpose of the program is to determine the influence upon propeller design factors and of compressiblity; the propeller tests reported herein form part of the investigation of the effects of blade-section thickness ratio."
Aerodynamic characteristics at high speeds of full-scale propellers having Clark Y blade sections
From Introduction: "The single purpose of this paper is to make available the data obtained from tests of these two Clark Y section propellers as quickly as possible with no attempt being made to analyze the results or to compare them with other high-speed-propeller test results."
Aerodynamic Characteristics at High Speeds of Full-Scale Propellers Having Different Shank Designs
"Tests of two 10-foot-diameter two-blade propellers which differed only in shank design have been made in the Langley 16-foot high-speed tunnel. The propellers are designated by their blade design numbers, NACA 10-(5)(08)-03, which had aerodynamically efficient airfoil shank sections, and NACA 10-(5)(08)-03R which had thick cylindrical shank sections typical of conventional blades. The propellers mere tested on a 2000-horsepower dynamometer through a range of blade-angles from 20 degrees to 55 degrees at various rotational speeds and at airspeeds up to 496 miles per hour" (p. 1).
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number 4.04 of a rectangular wing of aspect ratio 1.33 having a 6-percent-thick circular-arc profile and a 30-percent-chord full-span trailing-edge flap
From Introduction: "The present report gives results at a Mach number of 4.04 of the part of the program concerned with flap controls at Mach numbers from 1.62 to 6.9."
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number of 2.01 of two cruciform missile configurations having 70 degree delta wings with length-diameter ratios of 14.8 and 17.7 with several canard controls
From Introduction: "The present paper contains the results of the investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number of 2.01 of the two cruciform wing missiles equipped with larger canard controls and compares the result with that obtained previously with a smaller control."
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach number of 4.06 of a typical supersonic airplane model using body and vertical-tail wedges to improve directional stability
Report presenting an investigation at Mach number 4.06 on a typical supersonic airplane model with a 40 degree sweptback wing. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effectiveness of using wedges on the body and on the vertical tail to increase the static directional stability. Results regarding the longitudinal characteristics and lateral characteristics are provided.
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach numbers 2.36 and 2.87 of an airplane configuration having a cambered arrow wing with a 75 degree swept leading edge
From Introduction: "The results obtained in the wind-tunnel tests at Mach numbers 2.36 and 2.87 for several configurations utilizing this wing, including results on the wing alone are presented."
Aerodynamic characteristics at Mach numbers from 0.7 to 1.75 of a four-engine swept-wing airplane configuration as obtained from a rocket-propelled model test
Report presenting flight testing of a rocket-propelled model of a typical multiengine airplane configuration to obtain data on drag, stability, and nacelle performance. Data were obtained at a variety of Mach numbers, lift coefficients, and subsonic and supersonic speeds. Results regarding airplane performance, nacelle performance, longitudinal characteristics, and lateral characteristics are provided.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at Mach Numbers From 2.5 to 3.5 of a Canard Bomber Configuration Designed for Supersonic Cruise Flight
Report presenting an investigation of a canard-type configuration designed for supersonic cruise flight in the Unitary Plan wind tunnel. Tests were conducted over a range of angles of attack and angles of sideslip. Results regarding the effect of forebody configuration, effects of Reynolds number and transition, effect of canard and elevon deflection, and effect of vertical surfaces are provided.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at Mach Numbers of 1.61 and 2.01 of Various Tip Controls on the Wing Panel of a 0.05-Scale Model of a Martin XASM-N-7 (Bullpup) Missile: TED No. NACA AD 3106
"An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel to determine the control effectiveness and hinge-moment characteristics of the Martin XASM-N-7 (Bullpup) missile. A half-scale wing panel was tested with a tip control having three different hinge-line locations. The tests were made over an angle-of-attack range from -10 to 10 degrees and a control-deflection range of -15 to 3 degrees" (p. 1).
Aerodynamic characteristics at subcritical and supercritical Mach numbers of two airfoil sections having sharp leading edges and extreme rearward positions of maximum thickness
From Introduction: "A 12-percent-chord-thick wedge section and a reversed NACA 0012 section were chosen for these tests as they are representative of sections having no boat tailing and appreciable boat tailing (i.e., blunt and rounded trailing edges, respectively), and the results of this investigation are compared with those obtained from a previous investigation of the NACA 0012 section. Conclusions are drawn regarding the relative merits of the two unconventional sections and the conventional section in transonic speed range."
Aerodynamic characteristics at subsonic and supersonic Mach numbers of a thin triangular wing of aspect ratio 2 1: maximum thickness at 20 percent of the chord
From Summary: "This report presents the results of a wind-tunnel investigation conducted to determine the effects of Mach number on the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing of triangular plan form."
Aerodynamic characteristics at subsonic and supersonic Mach numbers of a thin triangular wing of aspect ratio 2 2: maximum thickness at midchord
"The lift, drag, and pitching-moment characteristics of a triangular wing, having an aspect ratio of 2 and a symmetrical double-wedge profile of 5-percent-chord maximum thickness at midchord, have been evaluated from wind-tunnel tests at Mach numbers from 0.50 to 0.975 and from 1.09 to 1.49 and at Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.67 to 0.85 million. The lift, drag, and pitching-moment coefficients of the triangular wing with a leading-edge sweepback of approximately 63 degrees did not exhibit the irregular variations with Mach number at high subsonic and low supersonic Mach numbers that are characteristic of unswept wings. The lift-curve slope increased steadily with Mach number below unity and declined slowly beyond the Mach number of 1.13" (p. 1).
Aerodynamic characteristics at subsonic and transonic speeds of a 42.7 degree sweptback wing model having an aileron with finite trailing-edge thickness
Report presenting an investigation at subsonic and transonic speeds in the high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of a 42.7 degree sweptback wing with a 20-percent-chord and 50-percent-span outboard aileron. The investigation was performed in transonic flow over a bump on the tunnel floor and in subsonic flow on one of the tunnel side walls.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at Supersonic Speeds of a Series of Wing-Body Combinations Having Cambered Wings With an Aspect Ratio of 3.5 and a Taper Ratio of 0.2: Effect at M = 2.01 of Nacelle Shape and Position on the Aerodynamic Characteristics in Pitch of Two Wing-Body Combinations with 47 Degree Sweptback Wings
Memorandum presenting an investigation at M = 2.01 in the 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel to determine the effect of a series of nacelles on the longitudinal stability characteristics of a sweptback wing-body combination. Nacelle shape and position were varied on a configuration with a 6-percent-thick wing with an aspect ratio of 3.5, a taper ratio of 0.2, and 47 degrees of sweep at the quarter chord.
Aerodynamic characteristics at supersonic speeds of a series of wing-body combinations having cambered wings with an aspect ratio of 3.5 and a taper ratio of 0.2: Effects of sweep angle and thickness ratio on the aerodynamic characteristics in pitch
Report presenting an investigation in the 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel at Mach number 1.60 to determine the effects of sweep and thickness on the longitudinal characteristics of a series of wing-body combinations with cambered wings with an aspect ratio of 3.5 and taper ratio of 0.2. The results show the effects of sweep, thickness, and the horizontal canard surface on the lift, drag, and pitching-moment coefficients and lift-drag ratios. The lift-curve slope, aerodynamic-center locations, maximum lift-drag ratios, lift coefficients for maximum lift-drag ratio, and drag-rise factor are presented.
Aerodynamic characteristics at supersonic speeds of a series of wing-body combinations having cambered wings with an aspect ratio of 3.5 and a taper ratio of 0.2: Effects of sweep angle and thickness ratio on the static lateral stability characteristics at M = 2.01
Report presenting an investigation in the 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel at Mach number 2.01 to determine the effects of sweep angle and thickness ratio on the static lateral stability characteristics of a series of wings with taper ratio 0.2 and aspect ratio 3.5. The results are presented with little analysis.
Aerodynamic characteristics at transonic and supersonic speeds of a rocket-propelled airplane configuration having a 52.5 degree delta wing and a low, swept horizontal tail
Report presenting a flight investigation over a range of Mach numbers to determine the aerodynamic characteristics at low lift of a rocket model of an airplane with a 52.5 degree delta wing of aspect ratio 3.08 and NACA 65A003 airfoil sections in the streamwise direction and a low, swept horizontal tail. Results regarding the longitudinal trim, lift, drag, longitudinal static stability, damping in pitch, and directional static stability are provided.
Aerodynamic characteristics at transonic speeds of a 60 degree delta wing equipped with a constant-chord flap-type control with and without an unshielded horn balance: transonic-bump method
Report presenting an investigation to determine the control hinge moments and effectiveness at transonic speeds of a delta wing equipped with a constant-chord flap-type control with and without an unshielded triangular horn balance in the 7- by 10-foot tunnel using the transonic-bump method. The data indicated that the horn balance control was consistently more effective in changing lift at all Mach numbers than was the plain control but there was no appreciable difference in pitching-moment effectiveness.
Aerodynamic characteristics at transonic speeds of a 69 degree delta wing with a triangular plan-form control having a skewed hinge axis and an overhang balance: transonic-bump method
From Introduction: "Presented in this paper are the results of an investigation of a semispan model of a delta wing with 60^o sweepback at the leading edge which was equipped with a large triangular control having an overhang balance mounted on a skewed hinge axis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of a delta wing with a control which was designed to provide aerodynamic balance at zero control deflection based on the span load distribution of reference 1."
The aerodynamic characteristics at transonic speeds of a model with a 45 degree sweptback wing, including the effect of leading edge slats and a low horizontal tail
Report presenting an investigation in the 16-foot transonic tunnel to determine the effects of leading-edge slats on the aerodynamic and longitudinal stability characteristics of a model of a swept-wing fighter-type airplane. Two different spanwise extents of leading-edge slats were tested, from 35 to 95 percent semispan and from 46 to 95 percent semispan. Results regarding the lift characteristics, drag characteristics and lift-drag ratios, stability characteristics, and flow-study pictures are provided.
Aerodynamic Characteristics at Transonic Speeds of a Tapered 45 Degree Sweptback Wing of Aspect Ratio 3 Having a Full-Span Flap Type of Control With Overhang Balance: Transonic-Bump Method
From Introduction: "This paper presents the aerodynamic characteristics of low-aspect-ratio sweptback wing having a full-span flap type of control employing an overhanging balance of 50 percent of the flap chord.The main purpose of this investigation was to determine if overhang balances are an effective means of reducing the hinge moments of flap type of controls at transonic speeds."
Aerodynamic characteristics at transonic speeds of a wing having a 45 degree sweep, aspect ratio 8, taper ratio 0.45, and airfoil sections varying from the NACA 63A010 section at the root to the NACA 63A006 section at the tip.
Report presenting an investigation in the 7- by 10-foot tunnel to determine the transonic aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a spanwise variation in thickness ratio. The wings investigated had 45 degrees of sweepback, aspect ratio 8, taper ratio 0.45, and airfoil sections tapered from an NACA 63A010 section at the root chord to an NACA 63A006 section at the tip chord. Results regarding lift characteristics, drag characteristics, and pitching-moment characteristics are provided.
The Aerodynamic Characteristics at Transonic Speeds of an All-Movable, Tapered, 45 Degree Sweptback, Aspect-Ratio-4 Tail Deflected About a Skewed Hinge Axis and Equipped with an Inset Unbalancing Tab
From Introduction: "The present investigation presents the lift and moment characteristics of an aspect-ratio-4.0 tail, sweptback 45^o at the quarter-chord line and pivoted about an axis sweptback 55.5^o and passing through the leading edge of the root-chord line."
The aerodynamic characteristics at transonic speeds of an all-movable, tapered, 45 degrees sweptback, aspect-ratio-4 tail surface deflected about a skewed hinge axis
From Introduction: "The purpose of the present paper was to determine whether the characteristics about a skewed axis could be predicted from data about the normal angle-of-attack axis, and whether such a configuration offered any aerodynamic advantages over the conventional hinge location normal to the pane of symmetry."
Aerodynamic characteristics extended to high angles of attack at transonic speeds of a small-scale 0 degree sweep wing, 45 degree sweptback wing, and 60 degree delta wing
Report presenting an investigation of a series of wings of various plan forms in the high-velocity field of the side-wall reflection plate of the 7- by 10-foot tunnel at a range of angles of attack and Mach numbers. The results indicated that the maximum lift coefficients obtainable increased with increase in sweep angle and decreased with Mach number at the lower subsonic Mach numbers.
Aerodynamic Characteristics in Pitch and Sideslip at High Subsonic Speeds of a 1/14-Scale Model of the Grumman XF104 Airplane with Wing Sweepback of 42.5 Degrees
"An investigation has been made at high subsonic speeds of the aerodynamic characteristics in pitch and sideslip of a 1/l4-scale model of the Grumman XF10F airplane with a wing sweepback angle of 42.5. The longitudinal stability characteristics (with the horizontal tail fixed) indicate a pitch-up near the stall; however, this was somewhat alleviated by the addition of fins to the side of the fuselage below the horizontal tail. The original model configuration became directionally unstable for small sideslip angles at Mach numbers above 0.8; however, the instability was eliminated by several different modifications" (p. 1).
The Aerodynamic Characteristics in Pitch of a 1/15-Scale Model of the Grumman F11F-1 Airplane at Mach Numbers of 1.41, 1.61, and 2.01, TED No. NACA DE 390
"Tests have been made in the Langley 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel at Mach numbers of 1.41, 1.61, and 2.01 to determine the static longitudinal stability and control characteristics of various arrangements of the Grumman F11F-1 airplane. Tests were made of the complete model and various combinations of its component parts and, in addition, the effects of various body modifications, a revised vertical tail, and wing fences on the longitudinal characteristics were determined" (p. 1).
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