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- Detection and Location of Leaks in District Heating Steam Systems: Survey and Review of Current Technology and Practices
- This report presents the results of a survey undertaken to identify and characterize current practices for detecting and locating leaks in district heating systems, particular steam systems. Currently used technology and practices are reviewed. In addition, the survey was used to gather information that may be important for the application of acoustic leak detection. A few examples of attempts to locate leaks in steam and hot water pipes by correlation of acoustic signals generated by the leaks are also discussed.
- Development of a Boron-Copper Neutron Absorber Composite
- This report describes the fabrication of a new boron-copper neutron absorbing material that was developed to meet the upgrading needs of the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory. To increase the intensity of the neutron beams from the IPNS, the target uranium was changed from depleted uranium to uranium enriched to 77.5% U-235. To keep the multiplication factor, k(sub eff) (number of fissions in one generation/number of fissions in preceding generation) at a safe level, a new neutron absorber material was needed. The previous materials, boral and cadmium, could not meet the new requirements and a search of the literature showed that no currently available material was acceptable.
- Development of a Small-Channel Nucleate-Boiling Heat Transfer Correlation
- Development of an improved semi-mechanistic-based set of correlation parameters for nucleation-dominant flow-boiling heat transfer in small channels is described.
- Development of Coal Combustion Sensitivity Tests for Smoke Detectors
- Standard smoldering and flaming combustion tests using small coal samples have been developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines as a method to evaluate the response of a smoke detector. The tests are conducted using a standard smoke box designed and constructed according to Underwriters Laboratories. The tests provide a standard, easily reproducible smoke characteristic for smoldering and flaming coal combustion, based upon a comparison of the smoke optical density and the response of a standard ionization chamber to the smoke. With these standard tests, the range of threshold limits for the response of a smoke detector and the detector's reliability can be evaluated for nearly identical smoke visibility and smoke physical characteristics. The detector's threshold response limits and reliability need to be well defined prior to the instrument's use as part of a mine fire warning system for improved mine safety.
- Development Program for Magnetically Assisted Chemical Separation : Evaluation of Cesium Removal from Hanford Tank Supernatant
- Magnetic particles (MAG*SEP(sup SM)) coated with various absorbents were evaluated for the separation and recovery of low concentrations of cesium from nuclear waste solutions. The MAG*SEP(sup SM) particles were coated with (1) clinoptilolite, (2) transylvanian volcanic tuff, (3) resorcinol formaldehyde, and (4) crystalline silico-titanate, and then were contacted with a Hanford supernatant simulant. Particles coated with the crystalline silico-titanate were identified by Bradtec as having the highest capacity for cesium removal under the conditions tested (variation of pH, ionic strength, cesium concentration, and absorbent/solution ratio). The MAG*SEP(sup SM) particles coated with resorcinol formaldehyde had high distribution ratios values and could also be used to remove cesium from Hanford supernant simulant. Gamma irradiation studies were performed on the MAG*SEP(sup SM) particles with a gamma dose equivalent to 100 cycles of use. This irradiation decreased the loading capacity and distribution ratios for the particles by greater than 75%. The particles demonstrated high sensitivity to radiolytic damage due to the degradation of the polymeric regions. These results were supported by optical microscopy measurements. Overall, use of magnetic particles for cesium separation under nuclear waste conditions was found to be marginally effective.
- Dissolution Characteristics of Mixed UO₂ Powders in J-13 Water Under Saturated Conditions
- The Yucca Mountain Project/Spent Fuel program at Argonne National Laboratory is designed to determine radionuclide release rates by exposing high-level waste to repository-relevant groundwater. To gain experience for the tests with spent fuel, a scoping experiment was conducted at room temperature to determine the uranium release rate from an unirradiated uranium dioxide powder mixture (14.3 wt % enrichment in uranium-235) to J-13 water under saturated conditions. Another goal set for the experiment was to develop a method for utilizing isotope dilution techniques to determine whether the dissolution rate of uranium dioxide matrix is in accordance with an existing kinetic model. Results of these analyses revealed unequal uranium dissolution rates from the enriched and depleted portions of the powder mixture because of undisclosed differences between them. Although the presence of this inhomogeneity has precluded the application of the kinetic model, it also provided an opportunity to elaborate on the utilization of isotope dilution data in recognizing and quantifying such conditions. Detailed listings of uranium release and solution chemistry data are presented. Other problems commonly associated with spent fuel, such as the effectiveness of filtering media, the existence of uranium concentration peaks during early stages of the leach tests, the need for concentration corrections due to water replenishments of sample volumes, and experience derived from isotope dilution data are discussed in the context of the present results.
- Dissolved Radon and Uranium, and Ground-Water Geochemistry in an Area Near Hylas, Virginia
- Report describing the results of experiments to test for radon and uranium in ground water from samples taken near Hylas, Virginia.
- Distribution of Benthic Foraminifers (>125 µm) in the Surface Sediments of the Arctic Ocean
- A report which discusses the distribution of benthic foraminifers in surface sediment samples from 49 box cores collected by the U.S. Geological Survey.
- Distribution of Ichthyoplankton around Southeast Hancock Seamount, Central North Pacific, in Summer 1984 and Winter 1985: Data Report
- From introduction: This report presents data on ichthyoplankton distribution over and near Southeast Hancock Seamount in the central North Pacific during summer 1984 and winter 1985. Described here is the sampling program and sample handling and provide only data summaries of the distributional patterns; analyses of this data base will be presented in detail elsewhere.
- The Distribution of Rare-Earth Elements in Minerals of the Monazite Family
- A report about rare-earth metals located inside minerals of the monazite family.
- Dust Control Considerations for Deep-Cut Mining when Utilizing Exhaust Ventilation and a Scrubber
- Abstract: The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a series of laboratory tests to investigate the effectiveness of using a flooded-bed scrubber with exhaust ventilation in deep-cut faces of up to 12.2 m in length. An experimental test program to determine the impact on respirable dust levels resulting from changes in face airflow, curtain setback distance, operator positioning, and operating parameters of the external spray system on the miner was completed. Gravimetric sampling was conducted in the immediate return and at three sampling locations on the off-curtain side of the entry. Statistically significant differences in dust levels on the order of 0.5 to 1.2 mg/m3 were observed between specific sampling locations and changes in several test parameters. Several of the statistically significant relationships were found at the inby operator position, which is the least desirable of the operator locations that were tested. The relative effectiveness of the dust control at the other sampling locations was not severely impacted with the scrubber operating. Dust control was the primary focus of this research; results indicated that a flooded-bed scrubber and exhaust ventilation can be a viable system for extracting deep cuts up to 12.2 m in length. The impact on methane was not evaluated.
- Dust Sources and Controls for Multiple-Machine Longwall Faces
- Abstract: Longwall mining in lower seam heights may necessitate the use of single-drum shearers to overcome size constraints associated with standard double-drum shearers. To avoid the operational problem of clearance in the tailgate entry with one single-drum shearer, two single-drum machines can be operated on the same face, with each shearer responsible for mining a predefined portion of the face. However, utilization of two shearers on the same face necessitates the positioning of one shearer operator and a jacksetter in the return air of the upwind shearer, thus complicating respirable dust control on the longwall. In an effort to evaluate the unique dust control problems associated with this type of mining, the U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted dust surveys on two multiple-machine longwall operations. Sampling was done to quantify major sources of respirable dust and to identify potential solutions to problem areas. Sampling results indicate that the cutting sequences utilized on multiple-machine faces may have to be designed to minimize dust exposure, as opposed to optimizing productivity or facilitating operational requirements. Also, state-of-the-art dust control techniques typically found on double-drum shearer longwalls must be employed to help minimize the exposure of all face personnel to traditional dust sources.
- Dynamic Stability Experiment of Maglev Systems
- This report summarizes the research performed on Maglev vehicle dynamic stability at Argonne National Laboratory during the past few years. It also documents magnetic-force data obtained from both measurements and calculations. Because dynamic instability is not acceptable for any commercial Maglev system, it is important to consider this phenomenon in the development of all Maglev systems. This report presents dynamic stability experiments on Maglev systems and compares their numerical simulation with predictions calculated by a nonlinear dynamic computer code. Instabilities of an electrodynamic system (EDS)-type vehicle model were obtained from both experimental observations and computer simulations for a five-degree-of-freedom Maglev vehicle moving on a guideway consisting of double L-shaped aluminum segments attached to a rotating wheel. The experimental and theoretical analyses developed in this study identify basic stability characteristics and future research needs of Maglev systems.
- Dynamic Stability of Maglev Systems
- Because dynamic instability is not acceptable for any commercial maglev systems, it is important to consider this phenomenon in the development of all maglev systems. This study considers the stability of maglev systems based on experimental data, scoping calculations, and simple mathematical models. Divergence and flutter are obtained for coupled vibration of a three-degree-of-freedom maglev vehicle on a guideway consisting of double L-shaped aluminum segments attached to a rotating wheel. The theory and analysis developed in this study identifies basic stability characteristics and future research needs of maglev systems.
- Dynamics and Controls in Maglev Systems
- The dynamic response of magnetically levitated (maglev) ground transportation systems has important consequences for safety and ride quality, guideway design, and system costs. Ride quality is determined by vehicle response and by environmental factors such as humidity and noise. The dynamic response of the vehicles is the key element in determining ride quality, and vehicle stability is an important safety-related element. To design a proper guideway that provides acceptable ride quality in the stable region, vehicle dynamics must be understood. Furthermore the trade-off between guideway smoothness and the levitation and control systems must be considered if maglev systems are to be economically feasible. The link between the guideway and the other maglev components is vehicle dynamics. For a commercial maglev system, vehicle dynamics must be analyzed and tested in detail. In this study, the role of dynamics and controls in maglev vehicle/guideway interactions is discussed, and the literature on modeling the dynamic interactions of vehicle/guideway and suspension controls for ground vehicles is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on modeling vehicle/guideway interactions and response characteristics of maglev systems for a multicar, multiload vehicle traveling on a single- or doublespan flexible guideway, including coupling effects of vehicle/guideway, comparison of concentrated and distributed loads, and ride comfort. Different control-law designs are introduced into vehicle suspensions when a simple two-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is applied. Active and semiactive control designs for primary and secondary suspensions do improve the response of vehicle and provide acceptable ride comfort. Finally, future research associated with dynamics and controls of vehicle/guideway systems is identified.
- Early Experiences with the IBM SP1 and the High-Performance Switch
- The IBM SP1 is IBM`s newest parallel distributed-memory computer. As part of a joint project with IBM, Argonne took delivery of an early system in order to evaluate the software environment and to begin porting programming packages and applications to this machine. This report discusses the results of those efforts once the high-performance switch was installed. An earlier report (ANL/MCS-TM-177) emphasized software usability and the initial ports to the SP1. This report contains performance results and discusses some applications and tools not covered in TM 177.
- Economic Effects of the United Nations Moratorium on High Seas Driftnet Fishing
- This report presents documentation of the status and trends in the driftnet fleet (Asian fishing vessels carrying large driftnet fishing gear), a summary of the industry and governmental plans for the near future, and an assessment of possible fleet adaptations to the moratorium from a political/economic perspective.
- Economic geology of the aluminum phosphate zone on property owned by the American Agricultural Chemical Company, land-pebble phosphate district, Florida
- This report presents all analytical data on the aluminum phosphate zone on lands owned by the American Agricultural Chemical Co. (A. A. C. Co.), and is one of a series of reports on lands of the companies active in the Land-Pebble Phosphate district.
- Effects of Radionuclide Decay on Waste Glass Behavior : a Critical Review
- This paper is an extension of a chapter in an earlier report that provides an updated review on the status of radiation damage problems in nuclear waste glasses. This report will focus on radiation effects on vitrified borosilicate nuclear waste glasses under conditions expected in the proposed Yucca mountain repository. Radiation effects on high-level waste glasses and their surrounding repository environment are important considerations for radionuclide immobilization because of the potential to alter the glass stability and thereby influence the radionuclide retentive properties of this waste form. The influence of radionuclide decay on vitrified nuclear waste may be manifested by several changes, including volume, stored energy, structure, microstructure, mechanical properties, and phase separation. Radiation may also affect the composition of aqueous fluids and atmospheric gases in relatively close proximity to the waste form. What is important to the radionuclide retentive properties of the repository is how these radiation effects collectively or individually influence the durability and radionuclide release from the glass in the event of liquid water contact.
- Effects of Remote Drop and Pumpdown Placement on Cellular Concrete
- Abstract: The hazards to the public posed by abandoned mine shafts are well documented. As private development encroaches on previously mined areas, the potential for fatalities and serious injuries from abandoned mine shafts increases. The U.S. Bureau of Mines has conducted research into cellular concrete as a material for sealing these openings. The current work involves testing the characteristics of cellular concrete before and after it had been pumped or dropped from different heights into a simulated mine shaft. Cellular concrete was pumped vertically up to and subsequently dropped from heights of 18 and 37 m into concrete forms. Wet density measurements were made at multiple sampling points in the test circuit. Air content determinations and uniaxial compressive strength testing were conducted. Research results showed significant loss in air content and changes in the characteristics of cellular concrete during pumping or dropping from various heights. Recommendations on effective use of cellular concrete for sealing abandoned mine shafts are made.
- The Effects of the Glass Surface Area/Solution Volume Ratio on Glass Corrosion: a Critical Review
- This report reviews and summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding the effects of the glass surface area/solution volume (SA/V) ratio on the corrosion behavior of borosilicate waste glasses.
- Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium in Nonaqueous Solvents
- Abstract: Electrorefining of Ti in nonaqueous solvents has been studied by the U.S. Bureau of Mines as a method for recycling impure scrap Ti. Electrochemical behavior of Ti species was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. Research results showed that Ti metal can be dissolved in polar solvents such as dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. However, deposition of Ti from these solvents was not successful. Several solvent systems were investigated for electrodepos.tion of Ti but no deposits were obtained. Reduction of Ti' complexes to Ti" proved to be straightforward, but reduction to lower oxidation states could not be confirmed. In dimethylformamide solutions, cyclic voltammetry results demonstrated the reduction of Ti to an oxidation state of less than three, but no Ti metal was identified. In dimethyl sulfoxide solutions containing LiCl, it was possible to deposit Li metal. After adding Ti salts to the solution, electrolysis quickly passivated the electrode. Deposition of Ti was also investigated in solutions of dimethoxyethane and propylene carbonate but, again, no reduction of Ti to oxidation states of less than three occurred. Therefore, the prospects for a nonaqueous electrorefining system for Ti metal do not appear promising.
- Electronic Transport Properties in Copper Oxides
- Oxidation of copper and electronic transport in thermally grown large-grain poly-crystals of non-stoichiometric copper oxides were studied at elevated temperatures. Thermogravimetric copper oxidation was studied in air and oxygen at temperatures between 350 and 100 C. From the temperature-dependence of oxidation rates, three different processes can be identified for the oxidation of copper: bulk diffusion, grain-boundary diffusion, and surface control with whisker growth; these occur at high, intermediate, and low temperatures, respectively. Electrical conductivity measurements as a function of temperature (350 - 1134 C) and pO2 (10(sup⁻⁸-1.0 atm) indicated intrinsic electronic conduction in CuO over the entire range of conditions. Electronic behavior of non-stoichiometric Cu(sub 2)O indicates that the charge defects are doubly ionized oxygen interstitials and holes. The calculated enthalpy of formation of oxygen ((Delta)H(sub O(sub 2))) and the hole conduction energy (E(sub H)) at constant composition for non-stoichiometric Cu2O are 2.0 (plus minus) 0.2 eV and 0.82 (plus minus) 0.02 eV, respectively.
- Engineering Design Guidance for Detached Breakwaters as Shoreline Stabilization Structures
- "The objectives of this report are to summarize and present the most recent functional and structural design guidance available for detached breakwaters, and provide examples of both prototype breakwater projects and the use of available tools to assist in breakwater design" (p. 11).
- Engineering Geology Applied to the Design and Operation of Underground Coal Mines
- A report which discusses in detail how the disciplines of geology and geotechnology, also known as engineering geology, apply to exploration, design, and operation of underground coal mines.
- Environmental Considerations of Active and Abandoned Mine Lands: Lessons from Summitville, Colorado
- A report about some of the environmental impacts of the Summitville open-pit mine that was abandoned after 1992.
- Environmental Studies of Mineral Deposits in Alaska
- A report about metal necessary for economic or industrial development and how the metals are toxic to plants, animals, and humans.
- Equipment Decontamination: a Brief Survey of the DOE Complex
- Deactivation at DOE facilities has left a tremendous amount of contaminated equipment behind. In-situ methods are needed to decontaminate the interiors of the equipment sufficiently to allow either free release or land disposal. A brief survey was completed of the DOE complex on their needs for equipment decontamination with in-situ technology to determine (1) the types of contamination problems within the DOE complex, (2) decontamination processes that are being used or are being developed within the DOE, and (3) the methods that are available to dispose of spent decontamination solutions. In addition, potential sites for using testing decontamination methods were located. Based on the information obtained from these surveys, the Rocky Flats Plants and the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory appear to be best suited complete the initial testing of the decontamination processes.
- Estimation of Sea Turtle Take and Mortality in the Hawai'i-Based Longline Fishery, 1994-96
- The following report provides documents of estimates of provided annual reports concerning sea turtle morality takes in the Hawai'i-based longline fishery, between the years 1994 to 1996.
- European Fuel Cells R & D Review. Final Report, Purchase Order No. 062014
- The aim of the Review is to present a statement on the status of fuel cell development in Europe, addressing the research, development and demonstration (RD & D) and commercialization activities being undertaken, identifying key European organizations active in development and commercialization of fuel cells and detailing their future plans. This document describes the RD & D activities in Europe on alkaline, phosphoric acid, polymer electrolyte, direct methanol, solid oxide, and molten carbonate fuel cell types. It describes the European Commission`s activities, its role in the European development of fuel cells, and its interaction with the national programs. It then presents a country-by-country breakdown. For each country, an overview is given, presented by fuel cell type. Scandinavian countries are covered in less detail. American organizations active in Europe, either in supplying fuel cell components, or in collaboration, are identified. Applications include transportation and cogeneration.
- An Evaluation of Oocyte Size in Multiple Regressions Predicting Gonad Weight from Body Weight: a Test Using Hawaiian Ehu, Etelis carbunculus
- The following report is meant to evaluate whether the information on oocyte size improves ability to predict ovary weight from body weight, and we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different sample sizes for characterizing egg size.
- [Evolution of Sedimentary Basins/Onshore Oil and Gas Investigations--Santa Maria Province: Chapters W and X]
- From abstract: Bulletin W is about the deformation of the Mesozoic Franciscan Complex of the Eastern Santa Maria basin in California. Bulletin X is about the regional thermal maturity of the surface rocks of the mentioned basin as well as the Santa Barbara-Ventura basin area in California.
- [Evolution of Sedimentary Basins/Onshore Oil and Gas Investigations--Santa Maria Province: Chapters Y and Z]
- From abstract: A complex Neogene history characterizes the offshore Santa Maria basin and the northwest margin of the western Transverse Ranges, California. This history includes the transition from subduction to a transtensional and then transpressional plate boundary, including about 900 of clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges. This report uses seismic reflection data to document the geometry of structures that accommodated this deformation and offshore well data to date and correlate the sediments which were affected by the different tectonic episodes.
- [Evolution of Sedimentary Basins--Paradox Basin: Chapters C and D]
- From abstract: The report for document C is about the tectonic trends of the northern part of the Paradox Basin of southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado, as derived from Landsat multispectral scanner imaging and geophysical and geologic mapping. The report for document D is about an uncontrolled X-band airborn radar-image mosaic that was compiled for the western three-fifths of the Moab 1° x 2° quadrangle of southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado.
- [Evolution of Sedimentary Basins--San Juan Basin: Chapters J and K]
- From introduction to each respective report: Report J summarizes the results of several studies concerning the stratigraphy and sedimentology of uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Upper Cretaceous rocks in the San Juan basin and adjacent areas. Report K describes using X-ray diffraction techniques to determine the occurrence and distribution of clay minerals in the upper part of the Brushy Basin Member and in the Burro Canyon Formation in the Four Corners area.
- Experiment on Fluidelastic Instability of Loosely Supported Tube Arrays in Crossflow
- A tube array supported by baffle plates in crossflow may be subjected to fluid-elastic instability in the tube-support-plate-inactive mode. An experimental study is presented to characterize the tube motion. Three series of tests were performed to measure tube displacements as a function of flow velocity for different clearances. The motion was examined by root-mean-square values of tube displacements, power spectral densities, phase planes, Poincare maps, and Lyapunov exponents. The experimental data agree reasonably well with the analytical model, based on the unsteady flow theory.
- Extensible PDE Solvers Package Users Manual
- This manual describes the use of the Extensible PDE Solvers package for the solution of elliptic PDEs.
- Extraction of Long-Lived Radionuclides from Caustic Hanford Tank Waste Supernatants
- A series of polymer-based extraction systems, based on the use of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) or polypropylene glycols (PPGs), was demonstrated to be capable of selective extraction and recovery of long-lived radionuclides, such as Tc-99 and I-129, from Hanford SY-101 tank waste, neutralized current acid waste, and single-shell tank waste simulants. During the extraction process, anionic species like TcO₄⁻ and I⁻ are selectively transferred to the less dense PEG-rich aqueous phase. The partition coefficients for a wide range of inorganic cations and anions, such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, nitrate, nitrite, and carbonate, are all less than one. The partition coefficients for pertechnetate ranged from 12 to 50, depending on the choice of waste simulant and temperature. The partition coefficient for iodide was about 5, while that of iodate was about 0.25. Irradiation of the PEG phase with gamma-ray doses up to 20 Mrad had no detectable effect on the partition coefficients. The most selective extraction systems examined were those based on PPGs, which exhibited separation factors in excess of 3000 between TcO₄⁻ and NO₃⁻/NO₂⁻. An advantage of the PPG-based system is minimization of secondary waste production. These studies also highlighted the need for exercising great care in extrapolating the partitioning behavior with tank waste simulants to actual tank waste.
- Facies Analysis, Genetic Sequences, and Paleogeography of the Lower Part of the Minturn Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian), Southeastern Eagle Basin, Colorado
- From abstract: Siliciclastic and minor carbonate rocks of the lower part of the Middle Pennsylvanian Minturn Formation of north-central Colorado were deposited in alluvial-fan, braidplain, Gilbert-delta, shoreline, and paralic, and offshore-marine environments. These strata can be divided into twelve genetic sequences that are generally bounded by transgressive surfaces of erosion or paralic flooding surfaces, and are characterized by thin and thick transgressive units. This report examines the paleogeography of this area.
- Feasibility of MHD Submarine Propulsion
- This report describes the work performed during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the collaborative research program established between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company (NNS). Phase I of the program focused on the development of computer models for Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion. Phase 2 focused on the experimental validation of the thruster performance models and the identification, through testing, of any phenomena which may impact the attractiveness of this propulsion system for shipboard applications. The report discusses in detail the work performed in Phase 2 of the program. In Phase 2, a two Tesla test facility was designed, built, and operated. The facility test loop, its components, and their design are presented. The test matrix and its rationale are discussed. Representative experimental results of the test program are presented, and are compared to computer model predictions. In general, the results of the tests and their comparison with the predictions indicate that thephenomena affecting the performance of MHD seawater thrusters are well understood and can be accurately predicted with the developed thruster computer models.
- Feasibility Study of Material-Balance Assessment of Petroleum from the New Albany Shale in the Illinois Basin
- A report about which intends to determine the feasibility of conducting a material-balance assessment of petroleum within a sedimentary basin.
- Field Demonstration of Two Pneumatic Backfilling Technologies
- Abstract: This U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) report summarizes a field demonstration of pneumatic backfiling technologies conducted at the abandoned Hillside Coal and Iron Slope in Vandling, PA. Researchers demonstrated tro pneumatic backfilling technologies recently developed under the USBM's Abandoned Mine Reclamation Research Program, the Pneumatic Pipefeeder and the High-Efficiency Ejector. Both systems had previously been evaluated at the USBM's subsidence abatement investigation laboratory near Fairchance, PA. The objective of the demonstration was to fill 100% of the abandoned tunnel with backfill stone to prevent further subsidence. The Pneumatic Pipefeeder was used for 21 days, at a rate of 63 to 124 t/d (69 to 136 st/d), to fill 88% of the tunnel. The High-Efficiency Ejector was used for 2 days, at a rate of 125 to 132 t/d (138 to 146 st/d) to fill the remaining 12% of the tunnel. The backfill placed by both systems was tightly compacted. The major problem encountered was wear on the polyethylene pipeline from the abrasion of the high-velocity backfill. The use of heavier steel pipe minimized the problem. A cost analysis for the entire project is given.
- Field Manual for Phocid Necropsies (Specifically Monachus schauinslandi)
- From introduction: This necropsy manual is a guide for students and technicians in the examination of dead phocids, specifically the Hawaiian monk seal. With this manual, the person performing the necropsy should be able to conduct a gross examination of a monk seal and collect the necessary tissues for microscopic pathology and toxicological studies. The necropsy instructions are based on the assumption that the seal's carcass is very fresh and time is not a limiting factor.
- Fife Peak Quadrangle, Cochise County, Arizona: Analytic Data and Geologic Sample Catalog
- From abstract: The information presented in this report supplements the geologic map of the Fife Peak quadrangle and supports ongoing investigations of the evolution of the Turkey Creek caldera.
- First Assessment of Computations of Turbulent Bubbly Flow and Particulate Flow with the COMMIX-M Program
- The COMMIX-M computer code, which describes steady-state and transient single- and multi-component flows in engineering systems, has been implemented to simulate suspension flows in laminar regimes and turbulent and bubbly particulate flows. This report presents a synopsis of the present code's capabilities, with particular emphasis on the recent development of turbulence models, and explains in detail the modifications necessary to simulate particulate flows and bubbly flows. First results of computations of turbulent bubbly and particulate flows are then given and compared with results of computations reported in the literature and with preliminary experimental results obtained at the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany).
- Fishery Interaction Between the Tuna Lonline and Other Pelagic Fisheries in Hawaii
- Abstract: The Hawaii pelagic surface fisheries and more recently the longline fisheries have grown dramatically. As a result, competition between fisheries on the fishing grounds and in the marketplace has also increased. Physical conflicts between vessels and claims of decreased fishing success by surface (troll and handline) fishermen led to the enactment of Federal regulations limiting the number of domestic longline vessels and the areas in which they can operate. The scientific evidence of biological or economic fishery interaction between longline and small-vessel fishermen is limited but suggests that intense longline fishing near the Hawaiian Islands has the potential to affect catch rates in other Hawaii fisheries. Better data collection and more research are needed to document fishery interaction and to improve fishery management.
- Fixed Mask Assembly Research for APS Insertion Devices
- The Fixed Mask Assembly (FMA) is the first component to interact with the photon beam. Two sets of a pair of FMA channels, vertically and horizontally disposed, contain the beam rather than define it. They are subject to very large heat fluxes during containment. In current practice, the FMA channels are made of heavy, seamless copper, have rectangular cross-sections, and are cooled internally with water. Channels are set at grazing angles ranging from 1 to 6 degrees with respect to the beam, depending on the type of insertion device. APS insertion devices will impose higher heat fluxes on FMAs. Therefore, a need exists to improve the FMA engineering, keeping in the mind the current design criteria and philosophy of FMAs. Preliminary analysis of current heat transfer practice indicates that the major resistance to heat transfer is on the coolant side. Therefore, FMA cooling would benefit from enhanced heat transfer on the coolant side. With this principle in mind, an experimental program has been undertaken to explore the feasibility of using high-performance copper tube configurations which are expected to yield heat transfer coefficients, h, '' in single phase flow systems 2 to 5() times higher than equivalent plain tubes. In this report, the experimental scope and a preliminary analysis of high-performance copper tube configurations are described.
- Fluid Inclusions and Biomarkers in the Upper Mississippi Valley Zinc-Lead District: Implications for the Fluid-Flow and Thermal History of the Illinois Basin
- A report about the fluid inclusions in the upper Mississippi valley zinc-lead district. It discusses the consequences of fluid flow.
- Fluvial Architecture of the Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation, Southwestern Flank of the Black Hills Uplift, South Dakota
- From introduction This report describes large-scale depositional units referred to as architectural elements, interpreted from outcrops of three distinct fluvial sandstone units of the Lakota Formation in the southwestern Black Hills area of Custer and Fall River Counties, South Dakota. These fluvial deposits formed near the end of an episode of continental deposition that began when the Jurassic Sundance sea regressed from the region and ended when the Early Cretaceous Skull Creek sea encroached from the north in Albian time.
- A Formal Model for Verification of Abstract Properties
- This report is given a specification "s" that states the requirements of a problem in terms of data dependencies. There are also given some assumptions about the input domain and to define a formal model that can be used to verify that a program written according to the specification "s" does indeed have the data dependencies specified by "s."