Technical Report Archive & Image Library (TRAIL) - 197 Matching Results
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- A Study of Large Size Saline Water Conversion Plants
- From Introduction: "The principal objective of this study is to digest the experience accumulated in the operation of the demonstration plants, and from this information, to arrive at the cost of fresh water when produced on a large scale. It is important to recognize that the costs, as calculated in this report, are based upon the state of development of the processes as exemplified and proven in the demonstration plants. The field is new, and the rate of development is such that further cost reductions may be expected."
- Bibliography of Publications on Compounds of Gas Hydrate Type
- "This is the first of a series of bibliographical reports listing references on a particular subject which is of special interest to the Office of Saline Water. The initial bibliography was prepared by K. W. Allen of the University of Pittsburgh with subsequent additions and editing by Dr. Karl Kase of the Office of Saline Water" (p. ii).
- Heat Transfer in the LTV Evaporator: An Analysis of Pilot Plant Data and Predictive Techniques for Plant Operation and Design
- Summary & Conclusions: "The study presented in this report was directed toward resolving the uncertainties in the design and prediction methods for heat transfer performance as well as toward analyzing certain aspects of the scaling problem."
- Vapor Compression with Secondary Heat-Transfer Media
- From Introduction: "The use of a secondary heat-transfer media in a vapor-compression distillation unit was suggested for investigation as a process for saline water conversion because previous studies on the vapor-compression cycle at low temperatures showed that the fixed charges on the compressor are a substantial part of the final water-product cast. Other fluids were evaluated as above, the results of which are shown in table 1. Data on the other fluids shown in table 1 will be found in the appendix."
- Removal of Scale-Forming Compounds from Sea Water
- From Recommendations: "Laboratory research on the process for descaling sea water should be continued to improve the process and thereby lower the cost. Research efforts should be concentrated on methods for producing low cost sodium phosphates (needed for the precipitation of the scale-forming elements) from fertilizer grade phosphates and on increasing the crystalline nature of the phosphate precipitates (to reduce dewatering costs). The descaled sea water should be experimentally evaluated first in the laboratory and later under actual operating conditions so that its value to the water recovery program may be established."
- Demineralization of Saline Water by Electrically-Induced Adsorption on Porous Carbon Electrodes
- Report containing information regarding the demineralization of water via carbon electrodes. Includes steps taken in the experiment, advancements made in the types of carbon material used, and cost estimates.
- Seawater Softening by Ion Exchange as a Saline Water Conversion Pretreatment
- From Introduction: "A pilot plant embodying these ideas, in an unusual method of softening, was designed and constructed by the Texas Division of The Dow Chemical Company. Two 4,000 gallon per day vapor compression evaporators were furnished for the testing program bu the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the United States Navy. This report summarizes the results of the testing program."
- Mineral By-Products From The Sea
- Report providing information on the economical separation of mineral constituents from sea water or other saline waters. Processes involving the removal of potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, and other elements were to be studied.
- Demineralization of Saline Water by Electrically-Induced Adsorption on Porous Carbon Electrodes
- Report containing information regarding the demineralization of water via carbon electrodes. Includes steps taken in the experiment, advancements made in the types of carbon material used, and cost estimates.
- Demineralization of Saline Water by Electrically-Induced Adsorption on Porous Carbon Electrodes
- Report containing the summation of the desalination studies carried out by The University of Oklahoma Research Institute, including their theories of carbon demineralization, electrode development, and the cost estimates for a demineralization plant.
- Solidification and Separation of Ice From Saline Water
- From Introduction: "The principal objective of this investigation is to promote fundamental understanding of the mechanism of solidification of aqueous solutions, and the effects of externally applied electrical and magnetic fields on solidification."
- Salt Concentration at Phase Boundaries in Desalination Processes
- From Introduction: "This report explores the theory of the salt build-up phenomenon in a preliminary way. Several simplifying assumptions will be made, since the purpose is to obtain only approximate estimates of the importance of the phenomenon described."
- Research on Saline Water Conversion by Freezing
- From Introduction: "Progress of research related to problems encountered in processes for desalination by freezing is summarized in this report, which is the first annual progress report called for under the terms of Grant 14-01-0001-295 made to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by the Office of Saline Water in 1962."
- Study of Multi-Phase Ejectors for Distillation Desalination Systems
- From Introduction: "The purpose of this study was to investigate analytically the performance of various combination heat and work-input MPE desalination systems ranging from pure heat-input to pure work-input types. MPE desalination systems are described in the following section, while, the analytical methods and discussions of the results obtained are presented in the appendices."
- By-Products from Saline Water Conversion Plants: A Feasibility Study
- Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies conducted on by-products of saline water conversion plants. As stated in the introduction, "the objective of the survey has been to determine whether recovery of salable by-products from minerals present in saline waters offers a practical route to reducing the overall cost of converting these saline feeds to fresh water, and to delineate areas for further research and development on recovery processes" (p. 1). This report includes tables, and illustrations.
- Design of a Basin-Type Solar Still
- From Introduction: "This report describes the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of a particular solar still that has been shown to be a practical for converting saline water to fresh water at low cost in localities where there is a reasonable amount of sunshine. A series of photographs is included which illustrate the steps in constructing a still."
- Development of the Direct Freeze Separation Process
- Report regarding the construction and testing of a sea water to fresh water conversion plant which uses a freezing method to remove salt. The report also presents information regarding the plant's economic and technical feasibility.
- The Mechanism of Desalination by Reverse Osmosis
- From Introduction: " With the ultimate objective of improving the process, a study of the mechanism(s) of material transport across the membrane was undertaken; the OSW sponsored a fundamental program of investigation of the Reverse Osmosis Process. Following a brief review of the results of the first year's investigations, the body of this report will cover the accomplishments of the second year's effort."
- Study of Multi-Phase Ejectors for Freezing Process Desalination
- From Introduction: "In this report we will present the results of extending our study of MPE desalination systems to include freezing processes."
- Bibliography of the Literature on Dropwise Condensation 1930-64
- Report presenting a comprehensive bibliography on dropwise condensation that has been created as part of a study on the dropwise condensation characteristics of inorganic hydrophobic systems.
- Heat Transfer in the Liquid-Liquid Spray Tower
- From Summary: "This report is concerned with specifying the heat transfer performance of a liquid-liquid spray tower and with determining if the performance can be augmented with electrohydrodynamic (EHD) means by reducing the drop size."
- Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Hydrate Systems
- From Introduction and Summary: "This report presents the results of one year of experimental work performed under an Office of Saline Water Grant to study various aspects of the hydrate process for demineralizing sea water. Work is continuing on all phases of the subjects reported here."
- Second Annual Report: Saline Water Demonstration Plant Number 3, Webster, South Dakota
- From Introduction: "This Annual Report on the maintenance and operation of Brackish Water Conversion Demonstration Plant No. 3, located in Webster, South Dakota, presents the Plant Maintenance and Operational History and the Technical, Economic and Administrative evaluations of the Plant's operation during the period 1 July 1963 through 30 June 1964. This Report is prepared in compliance with Management and Operations Contract No. 14-01-001-225 dated 2 October 1961."
- An Engineering Evaluation of the Long-Tube Vertical Falling-Film Distillation Process
- Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over engineering studies on the long-tube vertical falling-film distillation process. As stated in the introduction, "it is the objective of this report to study the falling-film distillation and to prepare an engineering evaluation of the process and the design of major items of equipment, with particular emphasis upon improving production and operational reliability and upon reducing product cost" (p. 1). This report includes tables, and illustrations.
- Second Two Years' Progress on Study and Field Evaluation of Solar Sea-Water Stills
- From Introduction: "The investigation of solar distillation described in this Summary Report is part of the wide-ranging program of the Office of Saline Water to develop economical processes for the conversion of saline water to fresh water." From Summary: " Since the submission of the Summary Report which covered the first two years' progress, several new stills have been constructed, including four basin-type stills for the evaluation of basin liners and other materials."
- Desorption of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen From Sea Water
- Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies on seawater degasification with a focus on desorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The results are presented and discussed. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
- Temperature Distribution in the Crystallization of Undercooled Liquids in Cylindrical Tubes
- From Introduction: "The major difficulty in interpreting the results obtained by this simple experimental technique is the specification of the temperature at the crystal-liquid interface. Since, the liquid-to-solid transformation is exothermic the temperature in the vicinity of the interface will exceed the temperature in the vicinity of the interface will exceed the temperature of the bulk of the cooling bath, which is the quantity most conveniently measured and most frequently reported."
- Saline Water Conversion Demonstration Plant Number 1, Freeport, Texas, Volume 2
- Report documenting the ongoing progress and economic concerns of Saline Water Conversion Demonstration Plant No. 1 in Freeport, Texas.
- Saline Water Conversion Demonstration Plant Number 2, San Diego, California, Annual Report, Volume 1
- Report documenting the ongoing progress and operations of the saline water conversion demonstration plant in San Diego, California.
- Heat Transfer And Corrosion Characteristics of Capillary Fluted Aluminum Tubes
- From Background and Summary: "This report presents a theoretical and experimental study of techniques to improve thin-film evaporation with the use of fluted aluminum tubes."
- Thermodynamic Properties of Saline Water
- From Abstract: "Activity coefficients of calcium sulfate were calculated from solubilities of gypsum in 0 to 1.0m sodium chloride at temperatures from 25 degrees C to 95 degrees C. X-ray diffraction studies for calcium sulfate modifications before and after contact with aqueous and saline solutions are given."
- Economic and Technical Evaluation of the Wiped Film Evaporator
- Report concerning the efforts to make the sea water distillation process more economical by improving the heat transfer surface. The General Electric wiped film process is one such improvement and is discussed along with its history, description, and related testing.
- Desalination by Electrosorption and Desorption
- Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies conducted on electrosorption and desorption processes used for water desalination. The process and methods are presented and discussed. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
- Investigation of Thermal Diffusion for Saline Water Conversion
- From Introduction: "The following sections treat in detail each of the three major phases of this investigation: ordinary diffusion coefficient studies, thermal diffusion coefficient studies, and packed thermogravitational column studies. This report is concluded with a summary of the progress achieved and a discussion of areas for future investigation."
- Chamber Geometry in Multi-Stage Flash Evaporators
- Report regarding "the importance of various parameters on the length of a typical stage in a multi-stage sea water flash evaporator" (p. 1). Parameter values were examined to determine their influence on chamber length.
- Parametric Cost Studies Pertaining to Dual-Purpose Power and Water Desalination Plants
- From Introduction: "This report contains the results of an optimization study conducted in the general field of design and economics of dual-purpose water desalination plants."
- Saline Water Conversion Demonstration Plant Number 1, Freeport, Texas, Volume 3
- Report documenting the ongoing progress and economic concerns of Saline Water Conversion Demonstration Plant No. 1 in Freeport, Texas.
- A Study of Desalting Plants (15 to 150 mgd) and Nuclear Power Plants (200 to 1500 MWt) for Combined Water and Power Production
- From Summary and Conclusions: "This report presents the results of an economic analysis of dual-purpose plants for the combined production of electronic power and potable water from sea water."
- Nucleation and Growth of Ice Crystals
- From Introduction: "The objective of this investigation was to obtain data which will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of ice formation in saline water. That is, whether the crystal growth is controlled by heat transfer, nucleation of new layers, or diffusion of matter."
- Research on and Development of Badger-Hickman Centrifugal Distillation Techniques and Equipments
- From Summary: "Based upon the results of the investigations on both the No. 3 and No. 4 stills, engineering designs for a 25,000 g.p.d. unit were developed. Sketches of this design and a description of the process are presented in this report."
- Design, Construction, Field Testing, and Cost Analysis of An Experimental Electrodialysis Demineralizer for Brackish Waters
- Rpeort describing the electrodialysis process as a possible practical means for demineralizing saline waters. The tests described in the report are used to determine the effects of operating the process under field conditions, to provide estimates of the cost of demineralizing brackish waters on a large scale, and as a means of planning further needed research in this field.
- Research Continuation of Badger-Hickman Centrifugal Distallation Testing on Unit 4
- From Summary: "The work covered by this report includes a variety of subjects designed, generally, to test the utility of a centrifugal phase barrier as the boiler-condenser unit of a vapor recompression still for producing water from sea water."
- Development of A Direct-Freezing Continuous Wash-Separation Process for Saline Water Conversion
- Report regarding the successful development of a freezing sea water to produce fresh water. Contains the experimental methods used as well as an economic analysis.
- Operation of Pilot Plant LTV Evaporator at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina
- From Introduction: "The primary objective in the development of the W. L. Badger Long Tube Vertical Multiple Effect Evaporator for saline water conversion is to minimize the ultimate cost of producing potable water. To accomplish the primary objective, it is necessary to (1) prevent formation of scale on heating surfaces, and (2) minimize corrosion to permit use of inexpensive materials of construction. The work done leading to this report was guided in the direction of accomplishing the two secondary objectives."
- Investigation of the Availability of Geothermal Energy for the Demineralization of Saline Water
- From Introduction: "The purpose of this investigation was to examine the question of the availability of geothermal energy and in particular the availability of geothermal energy from the Black Hills of South Dakota.
- Saline Water Conversion by Freezing: An Integral Processing unit Using a Secondary Refrigerant
- From Introduction: "The study of the conversion of saline water by direct freezing using a secondary refrigerant has been sponsored by the the Office of Saline Water at Cornell University since the beginning of 1958. This report first considers the energy relationships which can be the basis for much controversy regarding the freezing process."
- Evaluation of a Thin-Film Sea Water Distillation Unit for Marine and Shore Base Application
- Report issued by the Office of Saline Water over studies conducted on a thin film sea water distillation unit. As stated in the summary, "a General Electric Thin Film Sea Water Distillation Unit designed for marine application has been evaluated. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the thin film process for this application. The technology made available by this work provides criteria for the design of compact equipment" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.